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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.45.2023.tde-01052023-133903
Document
Author
Full name
Amanda Lopes Barreto
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2023
Supervisor
Committee
Carvalho, André Salles de (President)
Figueiredo Junior, Ruy Tojeiro de
Struchiner, Ivan
Title in Portuguese
Esfera Homológica de Poincaré
Keywords in Portuguese
Esfera Homológica de Poincaré
Esfera tridimensional
Grupo Fundamental
Grupo Icosaédrico Binário
Abstract in Portuguese
A Esfera Homológica de Poincaré, também conhecida como Espaço dodecaédrico de Poincaré, foi apresentada por Poincaré com o intuito de responder a questão levantada por ele próprio sobre a homologia ser uma ferramenta topológica que caracteriza a esfera tridimensional. Pensando nisso, essa dissertação teve como objetivo apresentar uma construção detalhada dessa variedade tridimensional, que possibilitasse a conclusão de que ela não é uma esfera tridimensional, apesar de ter os mesmos grupos de homologia da esfera tridimensional. Essa construção se deu através da topologia quociente entre a esfera tridimensional e seu subgrupo denominado Grupo Icosaédrico Binário, uma duplicação do grupo de simetrias que preservam a orientação do sólido platônico conhecido como Dodecaedro. Essa relação é possível devido à identificação que esses dois espaços têm com grupos relacionados aos quatérnios. A partir dessa construção concluímos que o Grupo Fundamental, um importante invariante da topologia algébrica, da Esfera de homologia de Poincaré é o Grupo Icosaédrico Binário. Como o Grupo Fundamental da esfera tridimensional é trivial, esses espaços não podem ser homeomorfos. Com isso, garantimos que o Espaço dodecaédrico de Poincaré é um contra-exemplo para o questionamento mencionado.
Title in English
Poincaré Homology Sphere
Keywords in English
Binary Icosahedral Group
Fundamental Group
Poincaré Homology Sphere
Tridimensional sphere
Abstract in English
The Poincaré Homology Sphere, also known as the Poincaré Dodecahedral Space, was presented by Poincaré in order to answer the question raised himself about homology being a topological tool that characterizes the three-dimensional sphere. With that in mind, the purpose of this dissertation was to carefully construct this three-dimensional manifold, which would allow the conclusion that it is not a three-dimensional sphere, despite having the same homology groups as the three-dimensional sphere. This construction arises from the quotient topology between the three-dimensional sphere and its subgroup called the Binary Icosahedral Group, a duplication of the group of symmetries that preserve the orientation of the Platonic solid known as the Dodecahedron. This relationship is possible due to the identification that these two spaces have with groups related to quaternions. From this construction, we conclude that the Fundamental Group, an important invariant of the algebraic topology, of the Poincaré homology sphere is the Binary Icosahedral Group. As the Fundamental Group of the three-dimensional sphere is trivial, these spaces cannot be homeomorphic. With this, we guarantee that the Poincaré Dodecahedral Space is a counterexample to the mentioned question.
 
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Publishing Date
2023-05-02
 
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