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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.11.2021.tde-11112021-153347
Document
Author
Full name
Paula Municelli Rodrigues Iwahashi
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 2021
Supervisor
Committee
Vieira, Thais Maria Ferreira de Souza (President)
Grimaldi, Renato
Oliveira, Marcelo Alvares de
Ract, Juliana Neves Rodrigues
Title in Portuguese
Defeitos em grãos de soja produzidos no estado de São Paulo: impactos na qualidade do óleo e farelo e seu efeito no processamento
Keywords in Portuguese
Farelo de soja
Grãos com defeitos
Micotoxinas
Óleo de soja
Qualidade do óleo de soja
Abstract in Portuguese
A soja é uma das leguminosas mais consumidas no mundo todo, empregada na alimentação humana e animal por sua composição em proteínas e óleo. Para garantir as características nutricionais e sensoriais do óleo, a qualidade da matéria prima deve ser controlada. Aspectos como teor de água, temperatura e tempo de armazenamento, infestação por pragas e contaminação por fungos podem deteriorar o grão e ocasionar defeitos de diferentes tipos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto que os grãos de soja com defeitos de diferentes tipos podem causar nos atributos de qualidade do óleo processado, bem como verificar a ocorrência de micotoxinas no farelo de soja. Foram coletadas 10 amostras, divididas em duas safras, de cada fração de defeitos de acordo com a classificação oficial brasileira: grãos sadios, grãos partidos, quebrados e amassados (PQA), ardidos e queimados (A/Q), grãos mofados, grãos esverdeados e a soma dos grãos fermentados, germinados, danificados, imaturos e chochos (FGDIC). Foram realizadas análises de composição centesimal nos grãos, índices relacionados à estágio oxidativo e processamento do óleo e teor de micotoxinas (aflatoxinas e zearalenona) no farelo obtido após a extração do óleo. Os resultados indicaram baixa ocorrência e contaminação de micotoxinas nos farelos provenientes das diversas frações de grãos. Os grãos mofados foram os que mais afetaram negativamente os atributos de qualidade do óleo. O óleo extraído desta fração apresentou, em ambas as safras, elevado índice de acidez (22,6mg KOH g-1 na safra 1 e 26,8 mg KOH g-1 na safra 2) e teor de clorofila (33,2 mg kg-1 na safra 1 e 15,8 mg kg-1 na safra 2), bem como os maiores valores de dienos (6,9% e 5,3% respectivamente nas safras 1 e 2) e trienos conjugados (1,1% na safra 1 e 0,4% na safra 2). Os grãos A/Q e FGDIC apresentaram resultados similares, sugerindo que a presença destas frações nos lotes de grãos processados é associada a maiores indicadores de estágio avançado de oxidação, gerando a necessidade de aumento de insumos durante o refino e causando redução na eficiência do processo.
Title in English
Defects in soybean kernels produced in the state of São Paulo: impacts on oil and meal quality and their effect on processing
Keywords in English
Defective kernels
Mycotoxins
Soybean meal
Soybean oil
Soybean oil quality
Abstract in English
Soybean is one of the most consumed leguminous in the world, used in human food and to feed animals due to its composition in protein and oil. To ensure the nutritional and sensory characteristics of the oil, the conditions of the raw material, should be controlled. Aspects such as amount of water inside the kernel, temperature and storage time, pest infestation and fungus contamination may deteriorate the kernel, causing defects of different types. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of defective soybean kernels on the processed oil quality attributes, as well as to verify the occurrence of mycotoxins in soybean meal. Ten samples were collected, divided into two harvests, from each fraction of defects according to the official Brazilian classification: whole kernels, split, broken and crushed kernels (PQA), heat damaged and burned kernels (A/Q), moldy kernels, greenish beans and the sum of fermented, germinate, damaged, immature and dried kernels (FGDIC). Determination of centesimal composition were performed on the kernels and analysis related to oxidative stage and processing were performed on the soybean oil, as well as mycotoxins (aflatoxins and zearalenone) were investigated on the soybean meal obtained from the fractions through oil extraction. The results indicated low occurrence and contamination of mycotoxins in the meal obtained from the fractions. Moldy kernels had a considerable negative influence on oil quality attributes. Oil extracted from this fraction presented, in both harvests, elevated acidity index (22,6mg KOH g-1 in harvest 1 and 26,8 mg KOH g-1 in harvest 2) and chlorophyll content (33,2mg kg-1 in harvest 1 and 15, mg kg-1 in harvest 2), as well as the highest levels of conjugated dienes (6,9% and 5,3% respectively in harvests 1 e 2) and trienes (1,1% in harvest 1 and 0,4% in harvest 2). The heat damaged and burned kernels and FGDIC also showed similar results, suggesting that the presence of these fractions in the processing of soybean oil promotes instability and oxidation and generating the need to increase inputs during refining and causes a reduction in the efficiency of the process.
 
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Publishing Date
2021-11-16
 
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