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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.48.2004.tde-21012011-152310
Document
Author
Full name
Tânia Mara Cruz
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2004
Supervisor
Committee
Carvalho, Marilia Pinto de (President)
Aquino, Julio Roberto Groppa
Bernardes, Nara Maria Guazzelli
Esposito, Marilia Pontes
Rosemberg, Fulvia Maria de Barros Mott
Title in Portuguese
Meninas e meninos no recreio: gênero, sociabilidade e conflito
Keywords in Portuguese
conflito
ensino fundamental
gênero
infância
recreio
violência escolar
Abstract in Portuguese
O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender o conflito nas relações de gênero entre crianças das 1as às 4as séries. Em um recreio escolar procurei captar de que modo as culturas infantis eram ali produzidas e como se relacionavam com a cultura adulta. A escassez de pesquisas brasileiras levou-me a privilegiar a literatura internacional. O problema de pesquisa configurou-se da indagação sobre os mecanismos de interação e de organização grupal no recreio, que pareceu-me ocorrer numa forma conflituosa de relacionamento entre meninos e meninas. A etnografia serviu como mediação metodológica e ética na pesquisa construída a partir de diferentes enfoques disciplinares: a psicologia, a sociologia e a antropologia. A observação e as entrevistas resultaram no material de trabalho a ser analisado. No ano de 2001, realizei 28 registros de campo, sobre o recreio em que circulavam 240 crianças. No final desse ano assisti a 40 aulas de 50 minutos, distribuídas pelas quatro turmas de 3as e 4as séries, e priorizei as aulas de educação artística e educação física, por realizarem mais atividades grupais. Entrevistei 55 das 120 crianças das 3as e 4as séries. Estabeleci a diferença entre os conflitos como estratégias de aproximação e os que significavam rupturas e oposições. Para isso, foi preciso observá-los em seus contextos, os resultados produzidos, a disposição das crianças (palavras, gestos, olhares) e, através dessa complexidade, compreender suas significações. Foi necessário definir os conceitos de conflito, de agressividade, de violência e de lúdico, e incluir o conceito de jogos de gênero, para viabilizar a análise das cenas lúdico-conflituosas. Sobre essa forma de interação construí a hipótese de sociabilidade do conflito, caracterizada por distanciamento entre os sexos nos momentos amistosos e aproximação proposital nos momentos conflituosos. Trabalhei sobre três eixos de ações: atividades turbulentas; episódios de invasões; provocações verbais e físicas, aqui incluídos os xingamentos produzidos pelos garotos, e os tapas, pelas garotas. Numa forma diferenciada, que designei como regulamentação das relações de gênero, estavam as experiências dos clubinhos, que organizavam amistosamente o distanciamento ou a aproximação entre os sexos. O clubinho era um tipo de organização grupal baseado em regras construídas pelas crianças, visando à aproximação ou separação entre os sexos, em parte similar a experiências de rua presentes na cidade de São Paulo em outras épocas, analisadas por outros autores. Vários aspectos permearam as relações de gênero ali encontradas: a importância da linguagem, a interligação entre cultura lúdica, infância e escola, a gestão dos espaços, as políticas de sexualidade e de vivência corporal. Os resultados apresentam as particularidades de uma cultura infantil e sua produção/reprodução das relações de gênero, e a escola como um espaço contraditório capaz de, se o desejar, compreender as necessidades infantis encontradas e desenvolver ações direcionadas a elas, contribuindo para que a vivência cotidiana inclua a crítica às desigualdades sociais e aos preconceitos em relação às questões de gênero e às demais diferenças.
Title in English
Childhood in scholl recess time: gender, sociability and conflict
Keywords in English
childhood
conflict
elementary school
gender
school recess time
school violence
Abstract in English
The goal in this study was to understand the conflict in the gender relations among children from 1st to 4th grades. During school recess time I tried to capture how childrens cultures were generated there and how they related to adult culture. The lack of Brazilian research on the issue led me to privilege the international literature. The problem in this research sprang from my questioning about the mechanisms of interaction and of group organization during school recess time, which seemed to occur under a conflicting relation between boys and girls. Ethnography was employed as an ethical and methodological mediation in a research that was built based on three different approaches: that of psychology, of sociology and of anthropology. The material to be analyzed resulted from field observations and interviews. In the year 2001 I made 28 field records about the school recess time, in which 240 children circulated. At the end of that year I followed 40 classes of 50 minutes each, given to four classes of 3rd and 4th grades; priority was given to gym and art classes due to its privileging of group activities. Fiftyfive of a total of 120 children in the 3rd and 4th grades were interviewed. I established a difference between those conflicts created as a strategy to get closer to another child from those that meant ruptures and oppositions. In order to do so it was necessary to follow them in their contexts, to watch the result of the interaction, to observe the childrens disposition (words, gestures, looks) and try to understand the meaning in all that through its complexity. It was necessary to define the concepts of conflict, aggressiveness, violence and playfulness. In addition, I had to include the concept for gender games in order to make possible an analysis of the playful-conflicting scenes. About such a mode of interaction, I proposed the hypothesis of sociability of the conflict, which is characterized by the distancing between the sexes during those moments of friendliness, and intentional proximity during the situations of conflict. The study followed three lines of action: turbulent activities; invasion episodes; and physical and verbal provocations, including name calling by the boys, and slapping by the girls. A different mode, which I defined as regulation of gender relations, could be observed in the experiences of small clubs, which organized the distancing or the approximation moves between the sexes in a friendly way. The small club was a kind of group organization based on rules made by the children themselves, aiming at the approximation or separation between the sexes, partially similar to episodes that occurred in the streets of the city of São Paulo in other historical periods, as analyzed by other authors. A number of aspects pervaded those gender relations: the importance of language, the interconnection between a culture of playfulness, childhood and school, the management of different spaces, the politics of sexuality and corporal experience. The results show those particularities of an infantile culture and its production/reproduction of gender relations, and the school as a contradictory space in which it is possible to offer understanding towards infantile needs and to develop actions focused on them, thus contributing to make day-to-day life include criticism to social inequalities and to prejudice based on gender issues and other differences.
 
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Publishing Date
2011-02-25
 
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