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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.98.2022.tde-11072023-095614
Document
Author
Full name
Maria Júlia Silveira Souto
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2022
Supervisor
Committee
Gun, Carlos (President)
Pinto, Ibraim Masciarelli Francisco
Saraiva, José Francisco Kerr
Stefanini, Edson
Title in Portuguese
Angiotomografia de coronárias na avaliação de dor torácica em unidade de emergência
Keywords in Portuguese
angiotomografia de coronárias
doença arterial coronária
dor torácica
emergência
Abstract in Portuguese
Introdução: Estima-se que 4 milhões de pacientes sejam atendidos anualmente em serviços de emergência do Brasil com a queixa de dor torácica, dos quais apenas 10% serão diagnosticados com síndrome coronariana aguda. Nesse contexto, escores de risco cardiovascular, como TIMI, HEART e GRACE, são utilizados como ferramenta para avaliar a possibilidade de doença arterial coronária (DAC). Foram, inicialmente, validados para estimar o risco de eventos cardíacos intra-hospitalares. No entanto, a sua associação com a presença de placa obstrutiva é pouco conhecida. Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre os escores de risco cardiovascular e a presença de lesões ateroscleróticas obstrutivas nos pacientes atendidos com dor torácica aguda, no pronto socorro de instituto especializado em cardiologia. Metodologia: Estudo observacional retrospectivo, baseado na análise de prontuários, no período de janeiro de 2019 a dezembro de 2021. Foram incluídos pacientes atendidos em pronto-atendimento de hospital terciário com a queixa principal de dor torácica aguda com valores de troponina negativos e ECG sem achados isquêmicos, submetidos a Angio-TC. Lesões coronárias ateroscleróticas foram quantificadas quanto à proporção de estenose luminal, sendo consideradas significativas aquelas com estenose 50% da luz do vaso em 1 artéria epicárdica relevante. Resultados: Foram avaliados 350 pacientes com idade média de 52,6±11,9 anos, sendo 50% mulheres. Desses pacientes, 72 (20,6%) apresentaram lesão aterosclerótica significativa em Angio-TC. Sexo masculino (OR: 1,87; IC 95%: 1,08 - 3,26), idade > 52 anos (OR: 2,85; CI 95%: 1,6 - 5,07), diagnóstico de Diabetes Mellitus (OR 2,17; IC 95%: 1,12 - 4,2) e relato de angina típica (OR 2,17; IC 95%: 1,12 - 4,2) estiveram associados de forma independente à presença de placa obstrutiva. Os escores de risco apresentaram associação moderada para a presença de placa obstrutiva na Angio-TC, sendo o HEART o melhor preditor (AUC = 0,677; IC 95%: 0,608-0,747), quando avaliados de forma isolada. Porém, ajustados para características clínicas como idade, sexo masculino e história de angina típica, apenas os escores TIMI e HEART foram bons indicadores da presença de lesão aterosclerótica significativa. No entanto, mais de 90% dos pacientes com lesão significativa na Angio-TC, apresentavam escore GRACE e TIMI de baixo risco. O escore HEART < 4 foi calculado em 23,6% dos pacientes com placa obstrutiva. Conclusões: A adição de escores de risco cardiovascular (TIMI, HEART e GRACE) à avaliação clínica do paciente com dor torácica em unidade de emergência fornece melhora na predição da presença de placas obstrutivas em angiotomografia de coronárias. Porém ainda não se mostrou suficiente para excluir de forma segura o diagnóstico de doença arterial coronária. Dessa forma, a Angio-TC é ferramenta complementar importante para o diagnóstico de coronariopatia nesse contexto clínico, possibilitando o início precoce de terapêutica adequada para a prevenção de novos eventos cardiovasculares.
Title in English
Coronary computed tomography angiography in the evaluation of acute chest pain in the emergency department
Keywords in English
chest pain
computed tomography angiography
emergencies
Abstract in English
Introduction: Coronary artery disease (CAD) answers for almost 43.2% of cardiovascular deaths worldwide. In the United States, more than 8 million patients present to emergency department each year with acute chest pain. Although, as few as 10% will be diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome. Cardiovascular risk scores are frequently used as tools to evaluate the chance of coronary disease, despite the fact that they were initially validated as prognostic schemes to categorize a patients risk of death and ischemic events. The association of these scores and the presence of obstructive atherosclerotic plaques is scarce. Purpose: To associate the presence of obstructive atherosclerotic plaque on coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) and the cardiovascular risk scores, in the evaluation of patients who present with acute chest pain to emergency department in a tertiary centre in cardiovascular disease. Methods: This is an observational and retrospective study that evaluated patients presenting to the emergency department with acute chest pain and were referred for CCTA. Exclusion criteria were ischemic EKG signs, positive troponin or history of coronary revascularization. CCTA images were reviewed by trained observers who performed a per-segment analysis to assess coronary artery stenosis, with complex cases classified by consensus. Atherosclerotic plaque was categorized as obstructive if luminal cross-sectional area stenosis was > 50% in 1 major epicardial artery. Results: Overall, 350 patients were recruited (52.6 ± 11.9 years, 50% women) in whom 20.6% (72 patients) had significant atherosclerotic plaque. Male gender (OR: 1.87; CI 95%: 1.08 - 3.26), age > 52 years (OR: 2.85; CI 95%: 1.6 - 5.07), diabetes (OR 2.17; CI 95%: 1.12 - 4.2) and typical angina (OR 2.17; CI 95%: 1.12 - 4.2) were the only clinical characteristics independently associated with the presence of obstructive plaque. Risk scores showed a moderate association with the diagnosis of obstructive plaque. When added to clinical characteristics as age, male sex and history of typical angina TIMI (OR: 1.51; CI 95%: 1.07 - 2.13) and HEART (OR: 1.52; IC 95%: 1.15 - 2.01) scores were the best indicators of the presence of significant atherosclerotic lesion. However, more than 90% of patients with significant coronary stenosis were classified as low risk by GRACE and TIMI scores. HEART score was < 4 in 23.6% of patients with obstructive plaque. Conclusion: Adding risk scores to clinical evaluation increased the prediction of obstructive plaques in patients with acute chest pain. Though, the initial evaluation was not sufficient to exclude safely the presence of coronary artery disease. Therefore, in such patients, CCTA can help to identify those with occult CAD and to target preventative treatments, thereby improving clinical outcomes.
 
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Publishing Date
2023-10-06
 
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