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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.9.2008.tde-30042008-090010
Document
Author
Full name
Alessandro de Lima
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2008
Supervisor
Committee
Mancini Filho, Jorge (President)
Barros, Silvia Berlanga de Moraes
d'Arce, Marisa Aparecida Bismara Regitano
Fett, Roseane
Villavicencio, Anna Lucia Casañas Haasis
Title in Portuguese
Caracterização química, avaliação da atividade antioxidante in vitro e in vivo, e identificação dos compostos fenólicos presentes no Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense, Camb.)
Keywords in Portuguese
Alimentos
Antioxidantes
Compostos fenólicos
Pequi
Proteção oxidativa
Ratos Wystar
Valor nutritivo
Abstract in Portuguese
O estresse oxidativo produzido no organismo relaciona-se com o aparecimento e/ou desenvolvimento de uma série de doenças crônico-não transmissíveis. Os compostos fenólicos, presentes nos vegetais, são capazes de neutralizar as estruturas radicalares; diminuindo, portanto, o risco de surgimento de patologias a elas associadas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante do fruto e da amêndoa do pequi e a participação desta atividade na prevenção do processo oxidativo em ratos. Foram obtidos, de forma seqüencial, os extratos etéreo, alcoólico e aquoso, bem como as frações de ácidos fenólicos livres (AFL), esterificadas solúveis (AFS) e insolúveis (AFI) da polpa e da amêndoa do pequi. Todos os extratos e frações foram avaliados quanto à atividade antioxidante in vitro pelos ensaios de co-oxidação do β-caroteno/ácido linoléico, DPPH (radical 1,1-diphenil-2-picrilhydrazil), ABTS (radical 2,2'azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ORAC (Capacidade de Absorção de Radicais Oxigênio) e Rancimat; e apresentaram expressiva atividade antioxidante. Entre os extratos, o aquoso da polpa apresentou maior atividade; entre as frações, a AFL da polpa se destacou nos ensaios β-caroteno/ácido linoléico, DPPH e ABTS. Os extratos e frações foram também avaliados quanto à composição em ácidos fenólicos, por HPLC. Encontraram-se os ácidos elágico, gálico, 4-OH benzóico, p-cumárico e procianidina B2. O ácido elágico esteve presente em todos os extratos e/ou frações, sempre em maior concentração; a procianidina B2, apenas no extrato aquoso da amêndoa. Na avaliação da atividade antioxidante in vivo, em ratos normais, foi administrado, por gavagem, extrato aquoso (100 e 300 mg/kg v.o.) e AFL (40 e 100 mg/kg v.o.) obtidos da polpa do pequi. Evidenciaram-se redução da lipoperoxidação e elevação da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes catalase (CAT), superóxido dismutase (SOD), glutationa peroxidase (GPx) e glutationa redutase (GR) no cérebro e no fígado dos animais que receberam o extrato aquoso a 300 mg/kg e a fração AFL a 100 mg/kg. Isso demonstra que o pequi possui propriedades antioxidantes tanto in vitro como in vivo.
Title in English
Chemical characterization, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity evaluation, and identification of the phenolic compounds present in the pequi fruit (Caryocar brasiliense, Camb.)
Keywords in English
Antioxidants
Food
Oxidative processes
Pequi
Phenolic compounds
Wistar rats
Abstract in English
The oxidative stress produced in live organisms is related to the appearance and/or development of a series of non-transmissible chronic diseases. Phenolic compounds present in vegetables are able to neutralize these substances, thus reducing the risk of development of free radicals associated to pathologies. The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant activity in the pulp and almond of the pequi fruit and its effects in preventing the oxidative process in rats. Extracts were obtained by means of sequential extraction in which solvents with different polarities (ether, ethanol and water) were used, as well as free phenolic acid fraction (and) soluble esters and insolublebound compounds from the pulp and almond of the pequi. The total antioxidant capacity was estimated through the following methods: β-carotene bleaching, DPPH (1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical), ABTS (2,2'azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and Rancimat assays. All extracts and fractions of phenolic acids showed a significant antioxidant activity. Among the extracts, the pulp aqueous extract showed higher activities than the others. Free phenolic acids fraction from the pulp of the pequi was better compared to other fractions in β-carotene bleaching, DPPH and ABTS assays. Phenolic acids composition was identified by HPLC. It was found ellagic, gallic, 4-Hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric and procyanidin B2 acid being ellagic acid presents at larger amounts in all extracts and fractions, whereas procyanidin B2 was found only in the aqueous extract of the almond from pequi. For evaluating the antioxidant activity in vivo, aqueous extract (100 and 300 mg/kg b.w.) and free phenolic acids (40 and 100 mg/kg b.w.) obtained from pequi pulp were administered in rats by oral gavage. It was observed a decrease in the levels of lipid peroxidation and an increased activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutade (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), and glutathione reductase (GSSGr) in the brain and liver of animals that received aqueous extract at 300 mg/kg b.w. and free phenolic acids fraction at 100 mg/kg, which demonstrate that pequi fruit has both in vitro and in vivo antioxidative properties.
 
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Publishing Date
2008-05-14
 
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