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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.8.2019.tde-18122020-202523
Document
Author
Full name
Otavino Candido de Paula Neto
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2019
Supervisor
Committee
Bolzani Filho, Roberto (President)
Lopes, Daniel Rossi Nunes
Souza, Eliane Christina de
Zingano, Marco Antonio de Avila
Title in Portuguese
A(s) virtude(s) nos diálogos socráticos de Platão: Apologia, Eutífron, Laques, Cármides, República I e Protágoras: análise e comentário
Keywords in Portuguese
Exame socrático
Platão
Sócrates
Unidade das Virtudes
Virtudes
Abstract in Portuguese
Nos diálogos socráticos de Platão, Sócrates examina as principais virtudes: sabedoria, piedade, coragem, temperança e justiça. Examinar as virtudes significa, para Sócrates, procurar conhecer a natureza ou essência (τί ἐστιν) de cada uma e a relação que mantêm entre si. Descobrir a essência de cada virtude é descobrir, ao mesmo tempo, a essência da própria virtude ou excelência (ἀρϵτή). O objetivo deste estudo é investigar qual é a natureza da(s) virtude(s) para Sócrates, embora os diálogos estudados aqui sejam considerados aporéticos, isto é, eles não chegam - ou não chegariam - a um resultado satisfatório a respeito da(s) virtude(s) que investiga(m). Contra esse entendimento, pretendo mostrar, nos diálogos estudados, as características de cada uma das virtudes, o modo como Sócrates as pensa, o conceito ou noção que ele tem delas e de sua unidade e o modo como a presença delas na alma torna o indivíduo virtuoso. Nesses diálogos, Sócrates busca levar seus interlocutores - e Platão seus leitores - ao conhecimento preciso da verdadeira natureza de cada virtude e da unidade que formam. Sustentarei, entre outras coisas, que embora haja um sentido em que se pode dizer que esses diálogos são aporéticos, é possível, no entanto, numa medida importante, obter uma compreensão adequada a respeito da natureza das virtudes e de sua unidade. Esposo a tese de que Sócrates está menos preocupado em refutar seus oponentes do que em fazê-los compreender a importância das virtudes para a vida virtuosa. O exame da vida, que Sócrates propõe a todos os homens, é o meio pelo qual se pode alcançar o único conhecimento, na visão de Sócrates, que permitirá ao homem viver uma vida virtuosa. Ao se examinarem as virtudes, examina-se, na verdade, a própria vida e como se pode ser feliz sendo virtuoso. Como diz Sócrates, "a vida sem exame não vale a pena ser vivida".
Title in English
The virtue(s) in Platos Socratic dialogues: Apology, Euthyphro, Laques, Charmides, Republic I and Protagoras: analysis and commentary
Keywords in English
Plato
Socrates
Socratic examination
Unity of Virtues
Virtues
Abstract in English
In Plato's Socratic dialogues, Socrates examines the main virtues: wisdom, piety, courage, temperance, and justice. To examine the virtues means, for Socrates, to seek to know the nature or essence (τί ἐστιν) of each and the relation that maintain between them. To discover the essence of each virtue is to discover at the same time the essence of virtue itself or excellence (ἀρϵτή). The purpose of this study is to investigate the nature of the virtue(s) for Socrates, although the dialogues studied here are considered aporetic, that is, they do not - or would not - reach to a satisfactory result regarding the virtue(s) they investigate. Against this understanding, I intend to show in the dialogues studied the characteristics of each of the virtues, the way Socrates thinks them, the concept or notion he has of them and their unity and how their presence in the soul makes the individual virtuous. In these dialogues, Socrates seeks to bring his interlocutors - and Plato his readers - to the precise knowledge of the true nature of each of each virtue and the unity that they form. I will argue, among other things, that although there may be a sense in which these dialogues can be said to be aporetic, it is nevertheless possible, to an important extent, to obtain an adequate understanding of the nature of the virtues and their unity. I espouse the thesis that Socrates is less concerned to refute his opponents than to make them understand the importance of the virtues to the virtuous life. The examination of life, which Socrates proposes to all men, is the means by which one can achieve the only knowledge, in the view of Socrates, which will allow man to live a virtuous life. In examining the virtues, one examines one's own life and how one can be happy by being virtuous. As Socrates says, "the unexamined life is not worth living."
 
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Publishing Date
2020-12-19
 
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