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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.8.2022.tde-04052023-170922
Document
Author
Full name
Leidan Rogério Cronossgoldbberger Oliveira
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2022
Supervisor
Committee
Keinert, Maurício Cardoso (President)
Trevisan, Diego Kosbiau
Nadai, Bruno
Pimenta, Pedro Paulo Garrido
Title in Portuguese
O que são tempo e espaço: a novidade kantiana diante da concepção newtoniana
Keywords in Portuguese
Espaço e Tempo
Estética Transcendental
Kant
Natureza
Newton
Abstract in Portuguese
No século XVIII, o debate acerca do melhor método para a compreensão da natureza está diretamente ligado ao problema do estatuto ontológico da própria natureza. Por mais diferentes que fossem as teorias sobre o assunto, duas características da natureza eram consensuais: o espaço e o tempo. Definir o que são e de que forma esses conceitos se relacionam com os objetos dos sentidos se tornou tema essencial dentro da teoria filosófica de alguns autores, aos quais escolhemos Kant e Newton. Diante de algumas semelhanças que esses dois pensadores possuem acerca dos conceitos de espaço e tempo procuramos investigar se a obra de Kant, no tocante a esse debate, representa um avanço em relação à obra de Newton, tanto na relação da compreensão da natureza do espaço e do tempo, considerados em si mesmos, quanto na sua relação interna com os outros elementos do pensamento do autor. Para tanto, como fontes de pesquisa principais fazemos uso, num primeiro momento, das Correspondências Leibniz-Clarke, pois julgamos encontrar nelas um maior detalhamento dos conceitos de espaço e tempo newtonianos, defendidos por Clarke, e, num segundo momento, passamos às obras de Kant que tratam diretamente do assunto, com destaque para a Crítica da Razão Pura. Ao final, podemos verificar que há diferença significativa entre os autores e as enumeramos em dez, que vão desde a prioridade da abordagem dos temas filosóficos até a própria concepção de natureza para os autores, e a fundamentação da ideia de natureza que cada um possui se mostra exatamente como o grande diferencial entre eles. O conceito kantiano de natureza, em geral, se apresenta como aquele que reúne todos os elementos apresentados por Kant em sua epistemologia, que coloca o sujeito como o centro da reflexão filosófica e também de toda a natureza. Os conceitos de espaço e tempo, como pertencentes ao sujeito, representam tanto a condição quanto o limite de toda a natureza possível.
Title in English
What are time and space: the kantian novelty in face of the newtonian conception
Keywords in English
Kant
Nature
Newton
Space and Time
Transcendental Aesthetics
Abstract in English
In the 18th century the debate about the best method for understanding nature is directly linked to the problem of the ontological status of nature itself. As different as the theories on the subject were, two characteristics about nature were consensual: space and time. To define what they are and how these concepts relate to the objects of the senses has become an essential theme within the philosophical theory of some authors, which we choose Kant and Newton. By facing some similarities that these two thinkers present about the concepts of space and time, we seek to investigate whether Kant's work, regarding to this debate, represents an advance in relation to Newton's work both in terms of understanding the nature of space and time considered in their ideas as well as in their internal relationship with the other elements of the author's thought. In order to do so, as main sources of research we firstly used The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence, because we believe we find in them greater detail on the Newtonian concepts of space and time defended by Clarke and, in a second moment, we have moved on to the works of Kant that deal directly with the subject, with emphasis on the Critique of Pure Reason. In the end, we can verify that there is a significant difference between the authors and we listed them in ten items, ranging from the priority of the approach of philosophical themes to the very conception of nature for the authors, and the foundation of the idea of nature that each one has is exactly the big difference between them. The Kantian concept of nature generally presents itself as the one that brings together all the elements presented by Kant in his epistemology, which places the subject as the center of the philosophical reflection and also of all nature. The concepts of space and time, as belonging to the subject, represent both the condition and the limit of all possible nature.
 
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Publishing Date
2023-05-04
 
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