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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.8.2023.tde-01032024-191705
Document
Author
Full name
Danilo Miranda Rodrigues
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2023
Supervisor
Committee
Pessoa Junior, Osvaldo Frota (President)
Plastino, Caetano Ernesto
Silva, Jojomar Lucena da
Teixeira, Ramachrisna
Title in Portuguese
Uma reconstrução racional da cosmologia científica
Keywords in Portuguese
Big-Bang
Cosmologia
Einstein
Expansão
Lakatos
Abstract in Portuguese
Este trabalho busca realizar uma reconstrução racional da cosmologia científica, tal qual este conceito foi concebido por Imre Lakatos, inserindose em uma tradição de estudos de caso dos instrumentos conceituais formulados pelo filósofo húngaro. O modelo de universo formulado pelo eminente físico, Albert Einstein, em 1917 exerce importante protagonismo na nascente cosmologia. Seu universo estático, entretanto, não pode ser classificado como um programa de pesquisa no sentido Lakatosiano do termo. O primeiro programa cosmológico surge, efetivamente, com as contribuições do soviético Friedman e do belga Lemaitre. Ambos produzem, de forma independente, modelos de universo em expansão, recuperando parte do núcleo proposto por Einstein. Os modelos de universo em expansão são, efetivamente, testados em seus conteúdos empíricos ao longo das décadas seguintes. Com o auxílio de hipóteses adicionais distintas, diferentes concepções de universo. Apesar de tais diferenças, são notáveis os pontos em comum entre elas, configurando um fenômeno descrito nos trabalhos de Lakatos: uma série empiricamente progressiva de teorias que compartilham de um núcleo em comum. O núcleo do Programa de Friedman-Lemaitre é, portanto, composto por algumas teses de Einstein e pelo afastamento entre as galáxias (lei de Hubble), enquanto a série de teorias deste programa é formada pela teoria de Lemaitre, pela teoria do Estado Estacionário (formulada por Hoyle, Bondi e Gold) e pela teoria do Big-Bang (formulada por Gamow, Alpher e Herman). Na parte final desta dissertação discutimos a atualidade deste programa e o motivo de o considerarmos, apesar das notórias dificuldades envolvendo os conceitos de matéria e energia escura, ainda atualmente um programa progressivo e extremamente fértil empiricamente. A descoberta de uma série de partículas fundamentais e de difícil detecção, tal como o Bóson de Higgs deve ser interpretada como instancia corroborativa de tal progressividade. O universo de Einstein, afinal, é a primeira proposta de um programa, proposta que não se concretiza pela ausência de falseabilidade, testabilidade ou, na concepção de Lakatos, conteúdo empírico
Title in English
A Rational Reconstruction of the Scientific Cosmology
Keywords in English
Big-Bang
Cosmology
Einstein
Expansion
Lakatos
Abstract in English
The aim of this work is carrying out a rational reconstruction of scientific cosmology, as this concept was conceived by Imre Lakatos, inserting itself in a tradition of case studies of conceptual instruments formulated by the hungarian philosopher. The model of universe formulated by the eminent physicist, Albert Einstein, in 1917 plays an important role in the nascent cosmology. Its static universe, however, cannot be classified as a research program in the Lakatosian sense of the term. The first cosmological program effectively emerged with the contributions of the Soviet Friedman and the Belgian Lemaitre. Both independently achieved models of the expanding universe, recovering part of the Einsteins standard core. The expanding universe models are effectively tested in their empirical content over the following decades. With the help of different additional hypotheses, different conceptions of the universe were formulated. Despite such differences, the points in common among them are notable, configuring a phenomenon described in Lakatos' works: an empirically progressive series of theories that defended a common core. The nucleus of the Friedman-Lemaitre Program is therefore composed of some of Einstein's theses and the deviation between galaxies (Hubble's law), while the series of theories in this program is formed by Lemaitre's theory, by the Steady State theory (formulated by Hoyle, Bondi and Gold) and by the Big-Bang theory (formulated by Gamow, Alpher and Herman). In the final part of this dissertation, we discuss the relevance of this program nowadays and the reason for considering it, despite the notorious difficulties involving the concepts of matter and dark energy, still currently a progressive and extremely fertile program empirically. The discovery of some fundamental and difficult-to-detect particles, such as the Higgs Boson must be interpreted as a corroborative instance of such progressiveness. Einstein's universe, after all, is the first proposal for a program, a proposal that does not materialize due to the absence of falsifiability, testability or, in Lakatos' conception, empirical content
 
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Publishing Date
2024-03-01
 
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