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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.75.2012.tde-25072012-090452
Document
Author
Full name
Ricardo Rodrigues Goulart
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Carlos, 2012
Supervisor
Committee
Montanari, Carlos Alberto (President)
Forim, Moacir Rossi
Curvelo, Antonio Aprigio da Silva
Title in Portuguese
Otimização do flavonoide tilirosídeo como inibidor da enzima gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase de Trypanosoma cruzi
Keywords in Portuguese
Doença de Chagas
Ensaios virtuais
GAPDH
Inibidores enzimáticos
Abstract in Portuguese
A doença de Chagas afeta milhões de pessoas e os fármacos existentes não são seguros e apresentam eficácia limitada. Muitos produtos naturais mostraram efeitos inibitórios contra uma enzima importante para a sobrevivência do Trypanosoma cruzi, a gliceraldeído-3-fosfato desidrogenase (GAPDH). Dentre esses produtos naturais destacam-se aqueles da classe dos flavonoides, sendo que um deles, o tilirosídeo, mostrou-se interessante por inibir a enzima com valores de IC50 e Ki iguais a 46 e 25 µM, respectivamente, além de ter sido eficaz contra a cepa do T. cruzi resistente a fármacos (cepa Y) mostrando um valor de IC50 igual a 770 µM. Com objetivo de identificar novos potenciais inibidores da TcGAPDH baseados no tilirosídeo foram empregados métodos computacionais nos quais combinaram-se duas diferentes estratégias: os ensaios virtuais baseados na estrutura do ligante (LBVS) e os ensaios virtuais baseados na estrutura do receptor (SBVS). Os compostos que se ajustaram ao sítio catalítico da enzima e preditos para interagir de forma efetiva com o alvo foram adquiridos e testados contra a TcGAPDH. Os estudos de inibição enzimática foram realizados utilizando as técnicas de calorimetria de titulação isotérmica e espectroscopia de fluorescência obtendo como resultados as constantes de inibição dos compostos selecionados e seus modos de inibição. Dois flavonoides, o Nequimed 214 e o Nequimed 215 inibiram a TcGAPDH na mesma grandeza que o composto de partida, o tilirosídeo, mas como possuem cerca da metade da massa molecular, houve grande aumento da eficiência do ligante. A partir dessa informação, foram selecionados uma segunda geração de compostos preditos a interagir com a TcGAPDH. Deste modo, foram adquiridos bioisósteros de flavonoides que foram testados contra essa enzima, sendo que dois dos mesmos mostraram-se ativos e com alta eficiência do ligante. Foram adquiridos também compostos pertencentes à classe das hidantoínas, rodaninas, tio-hidantoínas e pirrolidina-2,4-dionas sendo que muitos dos mesmos foram ativos e mostraram os maiores valores de eficiência do ligante já relatados para a TcGAPDH, tornando-os excelentes candidatos para otimização molecular. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que vários inibidores possuem inibição não competitiva com relação ao substrato G3P. Os inibidores mais potentes foram testados contra a GAPDH de humanos e não foi verificada seletividade relevante.
Title in English
Optimization of flavonoid tiliroside as inhibitor of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Trypanosoma cruzi
Keywords in English
Chagas disease
Enzyme inhibitors
GAPDH
Virtual screening
Abstract in English
Chagas disease affects millions of people worldwide. The available drugs are not safe and show limited efficacy. Many natural products inhibit the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), an important Trypanosoma cruzi enzyme. Among them, flavonoids have stood out and one of them, the tiliroside, inhibited the enzyme with IC50 and Ki values of 46 and 25 µM, respectively. Furthermore, unpublished results showed that this compound was effective against the drug-resistant strain of T. cruzi (Y strain) with IC50 value of 770 µM. In order to select potential inhibitors of TcGAPDH based on the tiliroside structure, computational methods were used combining two different strategies, the ligand-based virtual screening (LBVS) and the structure-based virtual screening (SBVS). The compounds predicted to interact effectively with the target and fit into the active site of the enzyme were purchased and tested. Enzyme inhibition studies were performed using isothermal titration calorimetry and fluorescence spectroscopy from which the constants and mode of inhibition of the compounds were determined. Two of the tested flavonoids, Nequimed 214 and Nequimed 215, showed inhibition activity against TcGAPDH in the same magnitude values as the starting compound, the tiliroside, in spite of their lower molecular weight, thus greatly enhancing the ligand efficiency (LE). These data prompted us to search for some flavonoid bioisosters that were obtained and tested against this enzyme, and two of them proved to be active with high ligand efficiencies. We also purchased compounds belonging to the class of hydantoins, pyrrolidine-2,4-dione, thio-hydantoin and rhodanine. Many of them were active at low micromolar concentration range and exhibited the highest ligand efficiencies ever reported for this enzyme, therefore becoming excellent candidates for molecular optimization. The obtained results suggest that most of inhibitors tested behave as non-competitive inhibitors with respect to the G3P substrate. The most potent inhibitors were tested against human GAPDH and relevant selectivity was not observed.
 
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Publishing Date
2012-10-23
 
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