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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.60.2021.tde-22032022-102658
Document
Author
Full name
Debora Glenda Lima de La-Roque
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Ribeirão Preto, 2021
Supervisor
Committee
Haddad, Simone Kashima (President)
Casseb, Jorge Simão do Rosário
Sousa, Maísa Silva de
Title in Portuguese
Avaliação funcional de vesículas extracelulares na infecção pelo vírus T-linfotrópico humano 1 (HTLV-1)
Keywords in Portuguese
Deltaretrovirus
Doenças negligenciadas
HBZ
Retroviroses
Retrovírus
Tax
Abstract in Portuguese
O vírus T-linfotrópico humano 1 (HTLV-1) é o agente etiológico da leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATL) e da paraparesia espástica tropical/mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP). O mecanismo que leva a estas manifestações clínicas tão distintas ainda não está elucidado. No entanto, sabe-se que os genes virais tax e HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) estão relacionados à infectividade viral e ao desenvolvimento de complicações neurológicas e hematológicas. Atualmente, existem evidências de que as células infectadas pelo HTLV-1 podem liberar vesículas extracelulares (VE) que participam da disseminação de partículas virais. Visando auxiliar a compreensão da patogênese do HTLV-1, este trabalho avaliou os níveis de expressão de tax e HBZ em VE provenientes do soro de indivíduos infectados, bem como o papel destas na modulação da resposta imune. As VE foram isoladas por precipitação polimérica e caracterizadas quanto ao diâmetro, a presença dos marcadores proteicos Alix, GAPDH e CD9 e ausência da proteína viral p19. A análise da expressão dos genes tax e HBZ foi realizada por PCR quantitativa e comparada à carga proviral (CPV) em células mononucleares de sangue periférico (PBMC) dos portadores assintomáticos e sintomáticos para a HAM/TSP. Os níveis de transcritos dos genes tax e HBZ em VE foram correlacionados positivamente à CPV dos indivíduos HAM/TSP. Apenas os indivíduos com CPV acima de 6 mil cópias para cada 10^5 PBMC apresentaram transcritos virais em VE. Ademais, observou-se que, quando em níveis detectáveis, as unidades relativas de expressão (URE) de HBZ foram de 2 a 12 vezes maiores que as de tax. A seguir, a expressão e secreção de citocinas inflamatórias foi avaliada em PBMC de indivíduos saudáveis e de portadores do HTLV-1, expostas a crescentes doses de VE tax+ e HBZ+. A análise da expressão gênica por PCR quantitativa indicou aumento de transcritos da interleucina 8 (IL-8) em PBMC infectada de CPV baixa decorrentes do tratamento com VE infectadas. Este aumento também foi observado a nível proteico, confirmado pelo ensaio multiplex customizado MILLIPLEX MAP Human Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel (Millipore), que avaliou a presença de citocinas inflamatórias no sobrenadante de cultivo. Interessantemente, o aumento de IL-8 chegou a níveis próximos ao observado em PBMC de CPV elevada. Estes achados indicam que a expressão de transcritos virais em VE derivadas do soro de portadores do HTLV-1 está relacionada à CPV apresentada pelo indivíduo. Adicionalmente, VE tax+ e HBZ+ podem induzir a produção de citocinas inflamatórias em pacientes de CPV reduzida, o que pode estar relacionado ao desenvolvimento de sintomas na infecção pelo HTLV-1.
Title in English
Functional evaluation of extracellular vesicles in human Tcell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection
Keywords in English
Deltaretrovirus
HBZ
Neglected diseases
Retrovirus
Tax
Abstract in English
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). One of the major questions in HTLV-1 studies is related to the understanding of causes that lead to different clinical manifestations. However, it is well known that the viral genes tax and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) are related to viral infectivity and the development of neurological and hematological diseases. Currently, there is evidence that HTLV-1 infected cells can release extracellular vesicles (EV) involved in mechanisms of viral particles spreading. Therefore, we evaluated the expression levels of tax and HBZ viral transcripts in serum-derived EV from HTLV-1 carriers, as well as the role of these vesicles in the modulation of the immune response. Serum-derived EV were enriched by polymeric precipitation and characterized by size and protein composition (Alix, GAPDH and CD9), as well as the absence of p19 viral protein. The analysis of tax and HBZ gene expression was performed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and compared to the proviral load (PVL) of asymptomatic carriers and HAM/TSP carriers. Three HAM/TSP carriers presented detectable levels of tax and HBZ transcripts in VE, and it was positively correlated to the PVL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The detection of viral transcripts was only true in individuals with PVL higher than 6,000/105 PBMC. When detectable, the expression units of HBZ presented a 2 to 12 fold increase over tax expression units. Next, the expression and secretion of inflammatory cytokines were evaluated in PBMC from healthy individuals and HTLV-1 carriers exposed to increasing doses of EV tax+ HBZ+. Gene expression analysis indicated an increase in interleukin 8 (IL-8) transcripts of HTLV-1-infected PBMC with low PVL, due to treatment with EV tax+ HBZ+. The increase was also observed at protein level in cell culture supernatant, confirmed by the multiplex assay MILLIPLEX MAP Human Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel (Millipore). Interestingly, the increase in IL-8 levels were close to that seen in HTLV-1-infected PBMC with high PVL. Taken together, these findings indicate that the expression of viral transcripts in serumderived EV of HTLV-1 carriers is related to the PVL presented by the infected individual. Additionally, EV tax+ HBZ+ can induce the production of inflammatory cytokines in patients with low PVL, which may be related to the development of symptoms in HTLV-1 infection.
 
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Publishing Date
2022-04-12
 
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