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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.60.2022.tde-05102022-113323
Document
Author
Full name
Thaís Moré Milan
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Ribeirão Preto, 2022
Supervisor
Committee
Almeida, Luciana Oliveira de (President)
Teixeira, Lucas Novaes
Nascimento Filho, Carlos Henrique Viesi do
Title in Portuguese
Controle epigenético da via de Wnt/β-catenina no acúmulo de células-tronco tumorais quimiorresistentes em carcinoma oral
Keywords in Portuguese
Carcinoma oral
Células-tronco tumorais
Controle epigenético
Quimiorresistência
Via de Wnt/β-catenina
Abstract in Portuguese
O carcinoma oral é responsável por muitas mortes ao redor do mundo por originar recidivas e metástases devido as falhas na terapia. Os tratamentos convencionais destroem as células diferenciadas do tumor, porém a população de células-tronco tumorais é resistente e repovoa o tumor. A sinalização de Wnt/β-catenina está envolvida na manutenção, sobrevivência, auto-renovação e diferenciação das células-tronco tumorais e sua sinalização pode ser regulada por modificações epigenéticas. O objetivo do projeto foi identificar alterações epigenéticas envolvidas no controle da via de sinalização de Wnt/β-catenina e de seus alvos e investigar a participação da via no acúmulo de células-tronco tumorais e na quimiorresistência de linhagens celulares de carcinoma oral. Três linhagens de carcinoma oral selvagens (Cal27 WT; SCC9 WT; SCC25 WT) e resistentes à cisplatina (Cal27 CisR; SCC9 CisR; SCC25 CisR) e suas populações de células-tronco tumorais (CTT+) e não-tronco tumorais (CTT-) foram investigadas. Análises de qPCR foram realizadas para a avaliação da expressão gênica e Western Blot para avaliação dos níveis proteicos; a dose IC50 dos inibidores foi determinada por ensaio de viabilidade celular. Citometria de fluxo e formação de esferas identificaram as CTT+. Imunoprecipitação da cromatina foi realizada para identificar a regulação epigenética da via. O ensaio de xenoenxerto foi utilizado para investigar o potencial da via de Wnt/β-catenina como alvo terapêutico. Nós observamos o aumento da expressão de genes reguladores da maquinaria epigenética, como BRD7, EZH2, KDM4C e MLL1 e do gene CTNNB1, que codifica β-catenina, nas linhagens resistentes à cisplatina. Os genes upstream da via de Wnt/β-catenina, como APC e GSK3β, estavam diminuídos nas 3 linhagens quimiorresistentes, e os genes downstream FGF18 e MMP7 estavam aumentados. A população de CTT+ apresentou maior expressão de genes envolvidos na metilação de histonas. β-catenina e as histonas metiladas H3K27me3 e H3K9me2 também estavam aumentadas nas linhagens resistentes à cisplatina e nas CTT+. O inibidor de EZH2 (UNC1999) e os inibidores de β-catenina (ICG-001 e FH535) reduziram a população de CTT+ e diminuíram as proteínas β-catenina e EZH2 nas linhagens quimiorresistentes. H3K27me3 também foi diminuída após tratamento com os inibidores. O tratamento com UNC1999 aumentou a expressão dos genes upstream APC e GSK3β, e os tratamentos com ICG-001, FH535 e UNC1999 foram efetivos na diminuição do gene downstream MMP7 nas CTT+. FH535 demonstrou eficácia para diminuir a população de CTT+, especialmente quando combinado com cisplatina e UNC1999. Os inibidores de β-catenina em monoterapia ou combinados com cisplatina e UNC1999 diminuíram o fenótipo tronco (stemness) das CTT+. Houve redução do crescimento tumoral após a administração de FH535, FH535+cisplatina e UNC1999+FH535, e diminuição dos marcadores β-catenina, EZH2, H3K27me3 e dos marcadores de células-tronco tumorais OCT4 e SOX2 no tecido tumoral. Através da imunoprecipitação da cromatina nas linhagens quimiorresistentes e nas populações de CTT- e CTT+, nós identificamos que EZH2 interage fortemente com a região promotora dos genes APC, FGF18 e VEGFA, e de forma menos intensa com os promotores de AXIN2, GSK3β e MMP7, aumentando a presença de H3K27me3, o que promove a repressão dos genes APC, GSK3β e VEGFA que participam da via de Wnt/β-catenina. Dessa forma, os resultados demonstram que β-catenina e EZH2 estão aumentados nas linhagens quimiorresistentes e na população de células-tronco tumorais, e a metilação de histonas participa de forma crítica, controlando a via de Wnt/β-catenina, através da inibição dos genes reguladores upstream APC e GSK3β, levando à translocação de β-catenina para o núcleo, onde se liga à fatores de transcrição e regula seus genes downstream como MMP7, participando da regulação das células-tronco tumorais. A administração de inibidores farmacológicos da via de Wnt/β-catenina e de EZH2 pode ser uma estratégia eficaz para o tratamento do carcinoma oral e eliminação das células-tronco tumorais.
Title in English
Epigenetic control of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the accumulation of chemoresistant cancer stem cells in oral carcinoma
Keywords in English
Cancer stem cells
Chemoresistance
Epigenetic control
Oral carcinoma
Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Abstract in English
Oral carcinoma is responsible for many deaths around the world by causing recurrences and metastasis due failures in therapy. The conventional treatments destroy the differentiated cancer cells; however, the population of cancer stem cells are resistant and repopulates the tumor. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in the maintenance, survival, self-renewal, and differentiation of cancer stem cells, and its signaling can be regulated by epigenetic modifications. The aim of the project was to identify epigenetic modifications involved in the control of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and its targets and investigate the participation of this pathway in the accumulation of cancer stem cells and in the chemoresistance of oral carcinoma cell lines. Three wild-type oral carcinoma cell lines (Cal27 WT; SCC9 WT; SCC25 WT) and resistant to cisplatin (Cal27 CisR; SCC9 CisR; SCC25 CisR) and their populations of cancer stem cells (CSC+) and non-cancer stem cells (CSC-) were investigated. Analysis of qPCR were performed to evaluate the gene expression, and western blot to evaluate protein levels; the IC50 dose of the inhibitors was determined through cellular viability assay. Flow cytometry and spheres formation assay identified the CSC+. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed to identify the epigenetic regulation of the pathway. The xenograft model was performed to investigate the potential of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as therapeutical target. We observed an increase in the expression of genes that regulate the epigenetic machinery as BRD7, EZH2, KDM4C, MLL1 and the gene CTNNB1 that encode β-catenin, in the cell lines resistant to cisplatin. The upstream genes of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway APC and GSK3β were decreased in the 3 chemoresistant cell lines, and the downstream genes FGF18 and MMP7 were increased. The CSC+ population demonstrated high expression of genes involved in the histones methylation. β-catenin and the methylated histones H3K27me3 and H3K9me2 were increased in the cell lines resistant to cisplatin and in the CSC+ as well. The EZH2 inhibitor (UNC1999) and the β-catenin inhibitors (ICG-001 and FH535) diminished the population of CSC+ and diminished the proteins β-catenin and EZH2 in the chemoresistant cell lines. H3K27me3 was diminished after the treatment with the inhibitors as well. The treatment with UNC1999 increased the expression of the upstream genes APC and GSK3β, and the treatments with ICG-001, FH535 and UNC1999 were effective in the decrease of the downstream gene MMP7 in the CSC+. FH535 demonstrated effectiveness diminishing the population of CSC+ specially when combined with cisplatin and UNC1999. The β-catenin inhibitors in monotherapy or combined to cisplatin and UNC1999 diminished the stemness of CSC+. The tumor growth was reduced after the administration of FH535, FH535+cisplatin and UNC1999+FH535, and β-catenin, EZH2, H3K27me3 and the cancer stem cells markers OCT4 and SOX2 decreased in the tumor tissue. Chromatin immunoprecipitation in the chemoresistant cell lines and in the populations of CSC- and CSC+ demonstrated that EZH2 strongly interacts with the promotor region of the genes APC, FGF18 and VEGFA and in a less intensive way with the promotors of AXIN2, GSK3β and MMP7, increasing the presence of H3K27me3, which promotes the repression of the genes APC, GSK3β and VEGFA that participates of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In this way, the results demonstrate that β-catenin and EZH2 are increased in the chemoresistant cell lines and in the cancer stem cells population, and the histone methylation participates in a critical way, controlling the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, through the inhibition of the upstream regulators APC and GSK3β, leading to the translocation of β-catenin to the nucleus, where it binds to transcription factors and regulate the downstream genes as MMP7, participating in the cancer stem cells regulation. The administration of the pharmacological inhibitors of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and of EZH2, can be an effective strategy to the oral carcinoma treatment.
 
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Release Date
2024-09-12
Publishing Date
2022-10-31
 
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