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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.6.2020.tde-09032021-161952
Document
Author
Full name
Priscila Fernanda Porto Scaff Pinto
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2020
Supervisor
Committee
Waldman, Eliseu Alves (President)
Aith, Fernando Mussa Abujamra
Pescarini, Júlia Moreira
Sanchez, Mauro Niskier
Title in Portuguese
Tuberculose e migrações interna e internacional no estado de São Paulo: semelhanças e contrastes
Keywords in Portuguese
Epidemiologia
Migração
Tuberculose
Abstract in Portuguese
Objetivos: Descrever o comportamento da tuberculose (TB) entre migrantes internos e internacionais, investigar fatores associados à perda de seguimento do tratamento e caracterizar os municípios com maior proporção de migrantes doentes de TB. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva descritivo e analítico realizado com doentes de TB residentes no estado de São Paulo (ESP) notificados ao Programa Estadual de Controle da TB (PCT-ESP) entre 2014 e 2017. Para o componente descritivo e caracterização dos municípios foram incluídos todos os casos de TB. Para o componente analítico foram incluídos os casos novos pulmonares com idade >=15 anos sem resistência às drogas antituberculose. A principal fonte de informação foi o sistema de notificação de casos de TB do PCT-ESP (TB-WEB). As variáveis de estudo foram: características demográficas, socioeconômicas, clínicas, de diagnóstico e tratamento da TB e indicadores municipais. Comparou-se o comportamento da TB entre migrantes internos e internacionais com não migrantes através dos testes qui-quadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fisher, t de Student ou Mann-Whitney. Foi utilizada regressão logística para investigar os fatores associados à perda de seguimento. Resultados: Foram incluídos 62.840 doentes de TB com naturalidade conhecida, notificados no período do estudo. Foram analisados 4.597 migrantes internos (15,8%) e 668 migrantes internacionais (2,3%) de 2014 a 2015 e 511 migrantes internacionais (1,5%) de 2016 a 2017. Em relação aos não migrantes, os migrantes internos possuem maior mediana de idade (45,0 vs. 37,0; p<0,05), maior proporção de HIV positivo (12,3% vs. 11,0%; p=0,023) e maior taxa de óbito por TB (4,2% vs. 3,2%; p<0,001). Ser migrante interno não foi um fator associado à perda de seguimento (ORajust=0,87; IC95% 0,73-1,04). Fatores como o uso de drogas ilícitas (ORajust=3,27; IC95%=2,29-4,68) e não possuir residência fixa (ORajust=3,19; IC95%=1,92-5,30) se associaram à perda de seguimento tanto entre migrantes internos quanto entre o total de doentes de TB no ESP. Os migrantes internacionais, em que 76,3% são sul-americanos, possuem menor mediana de idade (27,0 vs. 37,0; p<0,05), menor proporção de HIV positivo (6,6% vs. 11,0%; p<0,001) e maior taxa de perda de seguimento (18,5% vs. 13,5%; p=0,003) quando comparados aos não migrantes com TB. Ser migrante internacional foi um fator associado à perda de seguimento (ORajust=1,87; IC95%=1,41-2,47) e entre eles o HIV positivo associou-se com este desfecho de tratamento (ORajust=4,23; IC95%=1,78-10,06). Os municípios com maior proporção de casos de TB entre migrantes internos e com presença de migrantes internacionais possuem maiores: porte populacional, riqueza e proporção de pessoas em vulnerabilidade social. Conclusões: os migrantes internos e internacionais doentes de TB apresentam perfil diferente dos não migrantes com a doença. Para migrantes internos e para a população total de doentes de TB no ESP, os fatores que aumentam a probabilidade de perder o seguimento no tratamento são as condições sociais mais frágeis que devem, portanto, ser enfrentadas para controlar a doença. Como é mais provável que um migrante internacional não complete o tratamento de TB, este grupo deve receber políticas específicas que respeitem suas particularidades culturais, visando aumentar a adesão e conclusão da terapia medicamentosa entre eles.
Title in English
Tuberculosis and internal and international migration in the state of São Paulo: similarities and contrasts
Keywords in English
Epidemiology
Migration
Tuberculosis
Abstract in English
Objectives: To describe internal and international migrants with tuberculosis (TB), to investigate factors associated with loss to follow-up and to characterize the municipalities with the highest proportion of migrants with TB. Methods: Retrospective-cohort, descriptive and analytical study carried out with patients with TB in the state of São Paulo (ESP) notified to the São Paulo State TB Control Program (PCT-ESP) between 2014 and 2017. For the descriptive component and characterization of the municipalities, all TB cases were included. For the analytical component, new pulmonary cases aged >=15 years without resistance to anti-TB drugs were included. Patient-related data were collected from an electronic health system of the PCT-ESP (the TBweb database). The following variables were used: demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, TB diagnosis and treatment characteristics and municipal indicators. Internal and international migrants with TB was compared with non-migrants with TB using Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact tests, Student's t or Mann-Whitney tests. Logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with loss to follow-up. Results: 62,840 TB patients with known place of birth notified during the study period were included. 4,597 internal migrants (15.8%) and 668 international migrants (2.3%) from 2014 to 2015 and 511 international migrants (1.5%) from 2016 to 2017 were analyzed. In relation to non-migrants, internal migrants have a higher median age (45.0 vs. 37.0; p<0.05), a higher proportion of HIV-positive (12.3% vs. 11.0%; p=0.023) and higher TB death rate (4.2% vs. 3.2%; p<0.001). Being an internal migrant was not a factor associated with loss to follow-up (adjusted OR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.73-1.04). Factors such as the use of illicit drugs (adjusted OR: 3.27; 95% CI: 2.29-4.68) and not having a residence (adjusted OR: 3.19; 95% CI: 1.92-5.30) were associated with loss to follow-up both among internal migrants and among the total of patients with TB in the ESP. International migrants, of whom 76.3% are South Americans, have a lower median age (27.0 vs. 37.0; p<0.05), a lower proportion of HIV-positive (6.6% vs. 11 , 0%; p<0.001) and higher rate of loss to follow-up (18.5% vs. 13.5%; p=0.003) when compared to non-migrants with TB. Being an international migrant was a factor associated with loss to follow-up (adjusted OR: 1.87; 95% CI: 1.41-2.47) and among them, HIV infection was associated with this treatment outcome (adjusted OR: 4.23; 95% CI: 1.78-10.06). The municipalities with the highest proportion of TB cases among internal migrants and with presence of international migrants have the largest: population size, wealth and proportion of people in social vulnerability. Conclusions: internal and international migrants with TB have a different profile than non-migrants with the disease. For internal migrants and the total population of patients with TB in ESP, the factors that increase the likelihood of losing follow-up treatment are more fragile social conditions that must therefore be faced to control the disease. As it is more likely that an international migrant does not complete TB treatment, this group should be prioritized in specific policies that respect their cultural particularities in order to increase adherence and completion of drug therapy among them.
 
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Publishing Date
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