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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.6.2020.tde-01022021-184854
Document
Author
Full name
Ilana Eshriqui Oliveira
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2020
Supervisor
Committee
Vivolo, Sandra Roberta Gouvea Ferreira (President)
Ferraro, Alexandre Archanjo
Rondó, Patricia Helen de Carvalho
Vasques, Ana Carolina Junqueira
Title in Portuguese
Eventos precoces da vida, padrões alimentares e sua relação com o perfil cardiometabólico de jovens
Keywords in Portuguese
Aleitamento Materno
DOHaD
Microbiota
Padrões Alimentares
Risco Cardiometabólico
Abstract in Portuguese
Introdução: O índice de massa corporal (IMC) materno pré-gestacional e o aleitamento materno (AM) parecem influenciar o perfil cardiometabólico da prole no curso da vida, interferindo na composição da microbiota intestinal e formação de hábitos alimentares. Objetivos: Examinar associações do IMC materno pré-gestacional e AM, assim como de padrões alimentares (PA) atuais com o perfil cardiometabólico da prole no longo prazo. Objetivos específicos, descritos nos artigos desta tese, foram: I) avaliar associação entre o IMC materno pré-gestacional e a composição corporal da prole feminina na vida adulta; II) identificar PA de mulheres jovens e analisar se são influenciados pela duração do AM; III) avaliar a associação do AM e dos PA atuais com marcadores do metabolismo glico-lipídico; IV) verificar se o tipo de AM durante os primeiros 6 meses de vida está associado com a diversidade e composição da microbiota oral de adolescentes. Métodos: Os objetivos I, II e III foram analisados com dados da linha de base do Nutritionists' Health Study, no qual graduandas de nutrição e nutricionistas <= 45 anos foram elegíveis. Aquelas com câncer, diabetes, ou sem informação para variáveis de interesse foram excluídas, restando 587 participantes. IMC materno pré-gestacional, AM, assim como aspectos atuais sociodemográficos, de estilo de vida e estado de saúde foram obtidos via questionários online. Questionário de frequência alimentar validado foi aplicado e PA foram identificados por análise fatorial por componentes principais. Uma sub-amostra compareceu à clínica para coleta de sangue para avaliação do metabolismo glicídico e lipídico (n=200) e da composição corporal por DXA (n=150). Modelos múltiplos de regressão linear e logística foram construídos considerando conjunto de ajustes mínimos suficientes sugeridos por gráficos acíclicos direcionados. O objetivo IV foi avaliado com dados de 423 adolescentes finlandeses, participantes do Finnish Health in Teens Study Cohort. O tipo de AM (apenas AM vs. AM+formula ou apenas formula) foi obtido retrospectivamente através dos pais. A microbiota da saliva foi analisada por sequenciamento de 16S rRNA. ANCOVA e PERMANOVA foram usadas para comparar a diversidade e modelos lineares generalizados para a abundância entre os grupos. Resultados: Participantes do NutriHS tinham mediana de idade de 22 (IIQ 20;27) anos, IMC de 22,2 (IIQ 20,4; 25,0) kg/m2 e parâmetros metabólicos em média dentro da normalidade. I) O IMC materno pré-gestacional se associou diretamente com adiposidade geral (% gordura corporal e índice de massa gorda) e central (razão gordura androide/ginoide e volume do tecido adiposo visceral) de suas filhas, mas não com a massa magra apendicular e óssea. II) Quatro PA foram identificados (Processado, Prudente, Brasileiro e Lactovegetariano) representando 27% da variância explicada da dieta. Mulheres que receberam AM por <6 meses apresentaram menor chance de apresentar adesão moderada-a-alta ao padrão Prudente em comparação às que receberam AM por >=12 meses. AM não foi associado aos demais PA. III) Mulheres que receberam AM por menos de 6 meses apresentaram maior chance de classificação no maior tercil de insulinemia comparadas às amamentadas por >=6 meses. AM predominante <3 meses foi diretamente associado com a insulinemia e HOMA-IR. Em relação aos PA atuais, o Processado se associou diretamente com a concentração de LDL-c, enquanto o Prudente inversamente com LDL-c e razão LDL-c/HDL-c. IV) Média de idade e IMC dos participantes foi 11,7 anos e de 18,0 kg/m2. Não houve diferença de diversidade na microbiota oral segundo o tipo de AM nos primeiros 6 meses de vida. Três OTUs (do inglês, Operational Taxonomic Unit) pertencentes aos gêneros Eubactéria e Veillonella (filo Firmicutes) foram mais abundantes no grupo que recebeu apenas AM comparado com os que receberam fórmula. Conclusão: O estado nutricional materno pré-gestacional e os hábitos alimentares desde o início da vida têm potencial para influenciar o perfil cardiométabólico de longo prazo. As evidências obtidas em participantes ainda jovens e aparentemente saudáveis reforçam a necessidade de prevenção e avaliação precoce de fatores de risco cardiometabólico.
Title in English
Early life events, dietary patterns and its association with cardiometabolic profile in youngsters
Keywords in English
Breastfeeding
Cardiometabolic Risk
Dietary Patterns
DOHaD
Microbiota
Abstract in English
Introduction: Maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and breastfeeding seem to influence offspring cardiometabolic profile throughout life, interfering on gut microbiota composition and development of eating habits. Aim: To examine associations of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and breastfeeding, as well as of current dietary patterns with long-term cardiometabolic profile. Specific aims, described in thesis manuscripts, were: I) to evaluate association of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI with female offspring body composition at adulthood; II) to identify dietary patterns of young women and analyse if adherence was influenced by breastfeeding duration; III) to evaluate association of breastfeeding and of current dietary patterns with biomarkers of glucose and lipid metabolism; IV) to verify if type of feeding during the first 6 months of life was associated with oral microbiota diversity and composition of adolescents. Methods: The aims I, II and III were evaluated using Nutritionists' Health Study baseline data, in which nutrition students and nutritionists <=45 years old were eligible. Those with cancer, diabetes, or missing information for variables of interest were excluded, resulting in 587 participants. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, total and predominant breastfeeding, as well as current sociodemographic, lifestyle and health aspects were obtained through online questionnaires. Validated food frequency questionnaire was applied, and dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis by principal components. A sub-sample visited the clinic for determinations of plasma glucose and lipid parameters (n=200) and body composition assessment by DXA (n=150). Multiple linear and logistic regression models were constructed considering minimum sufficient adjustments suggested by directed acyclic graphs. The aim IV was assessed with data from 423 adolescents from the Finnish Health in Teens Study Cohort. The type of breastfeeding (No Formula vs. Formula, combined or not with breastfeeding) was retrospectively obtained. Saliva microbiota was analysed by 16S rRNA sequencing. ANCOVA and PERMANOVA were used to compare diversity and generalized linear models to verify differential abundance between groups. Results: NutriHS participants had median age of 22 (IQR 20; 27) years, BMI of 22.2 (IQR 20.4; 25.0) kg/m2 and metabolic parameters were in average within normal range. I) Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was directly associated with general (% body fat and fat mass index) and central (android-to-gynoid ratio and visceral adipose tissue) adiposity measures of their daughters, but not with appendicular muscle mass and bone mass. II) Four dietary patterns were identified (Processed, Prudent, Brazilian and Lacto-vegetarian), representing 27% of diet explained variance. Women who were breastfed for <6 months had lower chance to have moderate-tohigh adherence to the Prudent pattern compared to those who were breastfed for at least 12 months. Breastfeeding was not associated to other patterns. III) Women breastfed for <6 months had higher chance of being classified into the highest tertile of insulin compared to those breastfed for at least 6 months. Predominant breastfeeding <3 months was directly associated with insulin concentration and HOMA-IR. Regarding current dietary patterns, the Processed pattern was directly associated with LDL-c concentration, while the Prudent pattern was inversely associated with LDL-c and LDL-c/HDLc ratio. IV) Mean age and BMI of participants were 11.7 and 18.0 kg/m2. Diversity of oral microbiota was not different according to type of feeding during the first 6 months of life. Three Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) belonging to Eubacteria and Veilonella genera (phylum Firmicutes) were more abundant in only breastfeeding group compared to participants who received infant formula. Conclusion: Maternal pre-pregnancy nutritional status and dietary habits since early life have potential to influence the cardiometabolic profile in the long term. Evidence obtained in young and healthy participants reinforce necessity of prevention and early assessment of cardiometabolic risk factors.
 
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Publishing Date
2021-02-01
 
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