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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.5.2023.tde-20092023-112705
Document
Author
Full name
Henrique Hayes Hesse
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2023
Supervisor
Committee
Maria, Durvanei Augusto (President)
Gomes, Claudia Maria de Castro
Renner, Jane Dagmar Pollo
Santos, Alcindo Aparecido Benito dos
Title in Portuguese
Síntese e caracterização do 2-aminoetil dihidrogeno fosfato e análogos: avaliação do potencial antitumoral em células tumorais de mama triplo-negativo
Keywords in Portuguese
Antineoplásicos
Fosfolipídios
Neoplasias de mama triplo negativas
Organofosfatos
Abstract in Portuguese
O 2-aminoetil dihidrogeno fosfato (2-AEH2F) é um monofosfoester de cadeia curta. Quimicamente o 2-AEH2F é zwitterion, eletricamente neutro, porém possui cargas opostas em diferentes átomos. Neste estudo, foi sintetizado utilizando o 2-aminoetanol e ácido fosfórico. O 2-AEH2F tem efeitos no turnover de fosfolipídios da membrana celular e apresenta efeitos antiproliferativos em uma variedade de linhagens de células tumorais. Desta forma, foram sintetizados 5 compostos análogos, o N-(2-hidroxietil)benzamida (N-2-HEB), o 2-bezamidoetil dihidrogeno fosfato (2-BEH2F), o 2-aminoetil dodecil hidrogeno fosfato (2- AE(C12)HF), o 2-aminoetil hexadecil hidrogeno fosfato (2-AE(C16)HF) e o 2- aminoetil octadecil hidrogeno fosfato (2-AE(C18)HF), sendo os últimos três diésteres de fósforo. Todos os compostos foram caracterizados por ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio e carbono. As caracterizações foram capazes de determinar as estruturas devido aos acoplamentos heteronucleares do núcleo de fósforo com núcleos de hidrogênio e carbono. Para todos os compostos sintetizados, foram avaliados os efeitos de citotoxicidade e obtidas as concentrações inibitórias (IC50%). Modificações no ciclo celular, expressão de marcadores envolvidos na morte celular e o potencial elétrico da membrana mitocondrial foram avaliadas por citometria de fluxo. As alterações morfológicas proveniente do processo de morte celular programada, apoptose, foram avaliadas com o uso do marcador MitoRed para marcação das mitocôndrias e o DAPI para DNA e núcleo celular. Os compostos 2-AEH2F, N-2-HEB e 2- AE(C18)HF foram os que apresentaram efeitos citotóxicos específicos para a linhagem tumoral de mama triplo negativo humano (MDA-MB-231) e murino (4T1). O 2-AEH2F e o N-2-HEB modularam o ciclo celular da célula tumoral MDAMB-231 ocasionando a parada na fase G2/M, o 2-AE(C18)HF não mostrou mudanças significativas no ciclo celular. Para a linhagem 4T1 o 2-AEH2F promoveu a parada na fase G2/M, os demais compostos não causaram nenhuma alteração no ciclo desta linhagem. A expressão dos marcadores envolvidos na morte celular das células tumorais MDA-MB-231 foram modificadas pelos três compostos estudados. Estes promoveram o aumento na expressão dos marcadores de caspases 3 e 8 ativas, p53, liberação do citocromo c e Bad. O 2-AEH2F e N-2-HEB causaram uma redução na expressão de Bcl-2, contrário do 2-AE(C18)HF. O marcador Trail-DR4 teve sua expressão aumentada pelos compostos 2-AEH2F e N-2-HEB e não houve alteração para o 2-AE(C18)HF. Esses dados sugerem a ativação das vias intrínsecas e extrínsecas de morte celular, uma vez que aumentam a fosforilação de proteínas de morte via mitocondrial. A expressão dos marcadores VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2 e uPAR apresentaram modulações após o tratamento das células tumorais humanas MDA-MB-231 com os compostos 2-AEH2F e N-2-HEB o que pode sugerir o efeito na inibição da angiogênese e invasão tumoral. Com exceção do marcador VEGF-R2, envolvido principalmente na linfogênese, o composto 2-AEH2F não alterou sua expressão. O receptor ativador do plasminogênio do tipo uroquinase PAR teve uma diminuição quando expostos aos tratamentos com 2-AEH2F e N-2-HEB. As análises de microscopia confocal a laser das células tumorais MDA-MB-231, tratadas com os compostos 2-AEH2F, N-2-HEB e 2-AE(C18)HF promoveram modificações importantes no arranjo e na distribuição das mitocôndrias. Houve modificações morfológicas decorrente da despolarização e reorganização nuclear para região pericelular e redução potencial elétrico. Os tratamentos com os compostos 2-AEH2F, N-2-HEB e 2- AE(C18)HF se mostraram efetivos na modulação dos marcadores de morte celular e assim como na especificidade citotóxica para as linhagens tumorais estudadas, quando comparadas a linhagens de células não tumorais
Title in English
Synthesis and characterization of 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate and analogues: evaluation of antitumour potential in triple-negative breast tumour cells
Keywords in English
Antineoplastic agents
Organophosphates
Phospholipids
Triple negative breast neoplasms
Abstract in English
The 2-aminoethyl dihydrogen phosphate (2-AEH2F) is a short-chain monophosphoester. Chemically, 2-AEH2F is zwitterion, electrically neutral, but it has charges placed on different atoms. In this study, it was synthesized using 2-aminoethanol and phosphoric acid. The 2-AEH2F has effects on the phospholipidic cell membrane turnover and exhibits antiproliferative effects on a variety of tumour cell lines. In such manner, 5 analogous compounds were synthesised, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)benzamide (N-2-HEB), 2-bezamidoethyl dihydrogen phosphate (2-BEH2F), 2-aminoethyl dodecyl hydrogen phosphate (2-AE(C12) HF), 2-aminoethyl hexadecyl hydrogen phosphate (2-AE(C16)HF) and 2-aminoethyl octadecyl hydrogen phosphate (2-AE(C18)HF), the last three being phosphorus diesters. All compounds were characterized by hydrogen and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance. The characterizations were able to determine the structures of the molecules due to the heteronuclear couplings of the phosphorus nucleus with hydrogen and carbon nuclei. For all synthesised compounds, the cytotoxicity effects were evaluated and the inhibitory concentrations (IC50%) were acquired. Changes in the cell cycle, expression of markers involved in cell death and the electrical potential of the mitochondrial membrane were evaluated by flow cytometry. Morphological alterations resulting from the process of programmed cell death, apoptosis, were evaluated using the MitoRed marker for the mitochondria and DAPI for DNA and cell nucleus. The compounds 2-AEH2F, N-2-HEB and 2-AE(C18)HF were the ones that showed specific cytotoxic effects for human triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) and murine (4T1). Therefore, further experiments were conducted with the compounds 2-AEH2F, N-2-HEB and 2-AE(C18)HF. 2-AEH2F and N-2-HEB modulated the cell cycle of the MDA-MB-231 tumour cell line, causing the arrest in the G2/M phase however 2-AE(C18)HF did not show significant changes in the cell cycle. For the 4T1 cell line, 2-AEH2F promoted the arrest in the G2/M phase, the other compounds did not cause any change in the cycle of this cell line. The expression of markers involved in cell death of MDA-MB-231 tumour cells were modified by the three studied compounds. These compounds promoted an increase in the expression of active caspase 3 and 8 markers, p53, cytochrome c release and Bad. 2-AEH2F and N-2-HEB caused a reduction in Bcl-2 expression, contrary to 2-AE(C18)HF. The Trail-DR4 marker had its expression increased by the compounds 2-AEH2F and N-2-HEB and there was no alteration for 2-AE(C18)HF. These data suggest the activation of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of cell death, as they increase the phosphorylation of proteins involved in mitochondrial cell death. The expression of VEGF-R1, VEGF-R2 and uPAR markers showed modulations after the treatment of human tumour cells MDA-MB-231 with the compounds 2-AEH2F and N-2-HEB, which may suggest the effect on the inhibition of angiogenesis and tumour invasion. With the exception of the VEGF-R2 marker, mainly involved in lymphangiogenesis, the compound 2-AEH2F did not alter its expression. The urokinase-type plasminogen PAR had a reduction in its expression when exposed to treatments with 2-AEH2F and N-2-HEB. The confocal laser microscopy analyses of MDA-MB-231 tumour cells, treated with the compounds 2-AEH2F, N-2-HEB and 2-AE(C18)HF promoted important changes in the arrangement and distribution of mitochondria. There were morphological changes due to depolarization and nuclear reorganization to the pericellular region and reduced electrical potential. The treatments with the compounds 2-AEH2F, N-2-HEB and 2-AE(C18)HF were effective, modulating cell death markers and as well as in the cytotoxic specificity for the studied tumour cell lines, when compared to non-tumour cell lines
 
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Publishing Date
2023-10-10
 
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