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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.5.2022.tde-24112022-122521
Document
Author
Full name
Alisson Diego Machado
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2022
Supervisor
Committee
Titan, Silvia Maria de Oliveira (President)
Cuppari, Lilian
Mafra, Denise
Moyses, Rosa Maria Affonso
Title in Portuguese
Associação entre a carga ácida da dieta e eventos de mortalidade e terapia renal substitutiva em pacientes com doença renal crônica
Keywords in Portuguese
Acidose
Análise de sobrevivência
Diabetes mellitus
Dieta
Insuficiência renal crônica
Mortalidade
Seguimentos
Terapia de substituição renal
Abstract in Portuguese
A carga ácida da dieta representa a diferença entre os ácidos não carbônicos provenientes, sobretudo, do metabolismo de aminoácidos, e o total de bases absorvidas no trato gastrointestinal, predizendo o total de ácidos fixos que devem ser excretados para que o balanço ácido-base seja mantido. Estudos têm investigado a associação entre a carga ácida e a progressão da doença renal crônica (DRC), porém com resultados conflitantes. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a associação entre a carga ácida da dieta e eventos de mortalidade e terapia renal substitutiva (TRS) em pacientes com DRC. Foram incluídos 442 pacientes com DRC no presente estudo, provenientes do estudo de coorte Progredir. O consumo alimentar foi mensurado por um questionário de frequência alimentar e a carga ácida da dieta foi estimada por meio de dois algoritmos previamente validados, NEAP (net-endogenous acid production) e PRAL (potential renal acid load), calculados a partir da ingestão de determinados nutrientes. A associação entre as medidas de carga ácida e os eventos de mortalidade foi avaliada por meio de regressão de riscos proporcionais de Cox, e para os eventos de TRS por regressão de Weibull e modelos de risco competitivo. A maioria dos participantes era idosa (mediana de idade de 69 anos), do sexo masculino e com diabetes, majoritariamente em estágios 3 e 4 da DRC. As medianas de NEAP e PRAL foram de 49,5 e 4,8 mEq/dia, respectivamente. Durante o seguimento foram identificados 244 óbitos e 75 eventos de TRS. Não houve associação entre as estimativas de NEAP e PRAL com os desfechos quando todos os participantes foram incluídos nas análises. Após estratificação por diabetes, ambas as medidas se associaram a um maior risco de evento de TRS nos participantes diabéticos, mesmo após ajustes para idade, sexo, estado nutricional, taxa de filtração glomerular, ingestão de proteína, fósforo e energia, e bicarbonato sérico (HR 1,027, IC 95% 1,007-1,048 para NEAP, e HR, 1,025, IC 95% 1,003-1,046 para PRAL). Esse achado foi confirmado pelos modelos de risco competitivo. Assim, neste estudo as estimativas de NEAP e PRAL se associaram a um risco aumentado de TRS em diabéticos, sugerindo que uma maior carga ácida da dieta possa ser especialmente prejudicial para essa população. Por outro lado, essa associação não foi identificada em não diabéticos, e nenhuma das medidas se associou à mortalidade
Title in English
Association between dietary acid load and events of mortality and kidney replacement therapy in chronic kidney disease patients
Keywords in English
Acidosis
Diabetes mellitus
Diet
Follow-up studies
Mortality
Renal insufficiency chronic
Renal replacement therapy
Survival analysis
Abstract in English
Dietary acid load represents the difference between non-carbonic acids, mainly from amino acid metabolism, and the total bases absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, predicting the total fixed acids that must be excreted to maintain the acid- base balance. Studies have investigated the association between acid load and the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), but with conflicting results. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the association between dietary acid load and mortality and kidney replacement therapy (KRT) events in patients with CKD. We included 442 patients with CKD from the Progredir cohort study. We measured the dietary intake by a food frequency questionnaire. The dietary acid load was estimated using two previously validated algorithms, NEAP (net- endogenous acid production) and PRAL (potential renal acid load), calculated from the intake of certain nutrients. The association between acid load measures and mortality events was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression and for KRT events by Weibull regression and competing risk models. Most participants were older adults (median age 69 years old), male and with diabetes, mostly in CKD stages 3 and 4. Medians of NEAP and PRAL were 49.5 and 4.8 mEq/day, respectively. During follow-up, we ascertained 244 deaths and 75 KRT events. There was no association between NEAP and PRAL estimates with outcomes when all participants were included in the analyses. After stratification by diabetes, both measures were associated with an increased risk of KRT in diabetic participants, even after adjusting for age, sex, nutritional status, glomerular filtration rate, intakes of protein and phosphorus, energy, and serum bicarbonate (HR 1.027, 95% CI 1.007-1.048 for NEAP, and HR, 1.025, 95% CI 1.003-1.046 for PRAL). This finding was confirmed by competing risk models. Thus, in this study, estimates of NEAP and PRAL were associated with an increased risk of KRT in diabetics, suggesting that a higher dietary acid load may be especially harmful for this population. On the other hand, this association was not found in non-diabetics, and none of the measures was associated with mortality
 
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Publishing Date
2022-11-30
 
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