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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.5.2020.tde-09032021-225757
Document
Author
Full name
Débora Luciana Melzer Ribeiro
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2019
Supervisor
Committee
Elkis, Helio (President)
Noto, Cristiano de Souza
Rigonatti, Sergio Paulo
Valiengo, Leandro da Costa Lane
Title in Portuguese
Evidências de eficácia e tolerabilidade da eletroconvulsoterapia na esquizofrenia resistente à clozapina
Keywords in Portuguese
Antipsicóticos/agonistas
Clozapina/uso terapêutico
Eficácia
Eletroconvulsoterapia
Ensaio clínico controlado aleatório
Esquizofrenia
Método duplo-cego
Placebos
Psiquiatria
Resistência a medicamentos.
Abstract in Portuguese
Introdução: A literatura mostra que cerca de 30% dos pacientes com esquizofrenia não respondem de forma completa ao tratamento com os antipsicóticos convencionais. Tais pacientes são chamados de refratários, e a medicação de eleição é a clozapina, porém, entre os pacientes refratários e em uso de clozapina na dose e tempo adequados, ainda existe uma parcela, também de 30%, que mantém prejuízo funcional e sintomatologia psicótica incapacitante. Estes pacientes são conhecidos como respondedores parciais à clozapina ou super-refratários, sem suporte na literatura a alternativas realmente eficazes por meio de ensaios clínicos randomizados. Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia da eletroconvulsoterapia (ECT) como potencializador da clozapina na esquizofrenia super-refratária (ESR) comparada ao placebo do ECT, conhecido como sham ECT. Método: Foram selecionados 20 pacientes em uso de clozapina por tempo e dose adequados que apresentavam ainda prejuízo funcional e sintomas psicóticos. As medidas de desfecho primário seriam a diminuição da pontuação na escala da PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) e CGI (Clinical Global Impression) com base no índice acima de 60 na PANSS e de 4 na CGI. Todos pacientes realizaram a dosagem do nível sérico de clozapina para conferência de nível terapêutico, bateria de testes neuropsicológicos para avaliação da cognição pré-intervenção, avaliação clínica/pré-anestésica, psiquiátrica e odontológica pré-ECT. Após isso, foram randomizados em dois grupos (ECT e sham ECT), sendo encaminhados para o respectivo grupo sem o conhecimento do avaliador final, que permaneceu cego. Ao término das 12 sessões de ECT ou sham ECT, feitas 3 vezes na semana por 4 semanas, os pacientes foram reavaliados por meio da PANSS e da CGI. Resultados: Foram tratados dez pacientes no grupo ECT, seis no grupo sham ECT, e houve quatro drop-outs. Na análise estatística, foi verificado que os grupos eram comparáveis no baseline, exceto para as variáveis de desfecho: o grupo sham ECT apresentou scores médios significativamente maiores na PANSS total e subescalas positiva e geral, além da CGI. Apesar das significativas reduções nas variáveis de desfecho depois da intervenção em ambos os grupos, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos, mesmo quando a diferença foi estatisticamente corrigida para um nível de significância p<= 0,05. Recomenda-se cautela na interpretação dos resultados, levando-se em consideração o pequeno tamanho da amostra e as limitações da PANSS como medida de desfecho do tratamento da esquizofrenia com ECT, bem como os possíveis efeitos a longo prazo não medidos pelo estudo. O ideal é que este estudo seja replicado com um número maior de pacientes e de medidas de desfecho.
Title in English
Evidence of efficacy and tolerability of electroconvulsive therapy in clozapine-resistant schizophrenia
Keywords in English
Antipsychotics / agonists
Clozapine / therapeutic use
Clozapine Resistant Schizophrenia Controlled Clinical Trial
Double-blind method
Drug resistance
Efficiency
Electroconvulsive therapy
Placebos
Psychiatry
Schizophrenia
Abstract in English
Introduction: The prevalence of patients who do not respond to clozapine has rates ranging from 30% to 70%. These patients, despite treatment with adequate doses of clozapine for at least six months, have persistent symptoms in at least one of the five dimensions: Positive, Negative, Cognitive, Anxiety-Depression, and Excitation. There are called incomplete responders to clozapine, ultra-resistant, super refractory or, according to the new terminology, carriers of Clozapine Resistant Schizophrenia (CRS). For these patients several potentiation strategies have been proposed, such as the addition of a second antipsychotic, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, cognitive behavioral therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation and, among them, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), whose efficacy and tolerability have already been evaluated by some clinical trials and one study, with only one published pilot study of our own, comparing ECT vs Sham in 19 patients with CRS treated with 12 sessions, finding no significant differences between the groups evaluated by the PANSS and CGI scale. However, new work that used symptom reanalysis to evaluate effect sizes as well as individual participant metanalysis showed that ECT was more effective than Sham. Thus the objectives of this thesis are as follows. Objectives: 1- Systematic review of the literature on ECT in resistant schizophrenia in the CRS with emphasis on identifying the studies that used Sham to identify the literature gap that justifies the development of our clinical trials. 2- Submit the original publication of our clinical trial that evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of ECT compared to Sham in ERC. 3- Present work in the form of an article submitted to a journal with an impact factor above 2.5 that presents a reanalysis of our pilot study now using the method and individual item meta analysis of the individual symptoms of PANSS and 4- Present partial study results. randomized controlled trial that is underway comparing ECT-Sham in patients with CRS with a design very similar to the published pilot study, but with 20 sessions. Results: The systematic literature review shows that there are no publications in the ECT vs Sham controlled ransomized clinical trial literature in CRS so this is the first study with these characteristics in the international literature. Reanalysis of the pilot study showed that ECT was more effective than Sham in terms of improving hallucinatory conduct and that patients receiving Sham showed significant worsening in most PANSS items, not identified in the analysis of the original publication. In the ongoing study, the first 17 cases were analyzed, with only 12 completing the protocol and the others remaining performing the procedures. To maintain adequate blindness we present these partial data without identifying the groups. Conclusions: Electroconvulsive therapy may be an effective and safe complementary treatment in patients with CRS, but studies with a larger number of individuals are still necessary for the evidence to have greater statistical power. The pilot study we have published and what is underway are the only ones in the literature comparing active treatment (ECT) with placebo (Sham).
 
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Publishing Date
2022-03-03
 
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