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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.5.2022.tde-17012023-201311
Document
Author
Full name
Janaina Petenuci
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2022
Supervisor
Committee
Almeida, Madson Queiroz de (President)
Alencar, Guilherme Asmar
Mermejo, Lívia Mara
Vieira Neto, Leonardo
Title in Portuguese
Investigação genética de feocromocitomas e paragangliomas
Keywords in Portuguese
Feocromocitoma
Genética
Metástase
Paraganglioma
Abstract in Portuguese
Introdução: feocromocitomas e paragangliomas (PPGLs) são tumores neuroendócrinos derivados das células cromafins (80% são feocromocitomas e 20% são paragangliomas). Aproximadamente 15%-20% dos PPGLs são classificados como metastáticos, definidos pela presença de metástase em tecidos de origem não cromafim. Os PPGLs são as neoplasias mais associadas com hereditariedade, com variantes patogênicas (VPs) germinativas sendo identificadas em 40% dos pacientes. Até o momento, pelo menos 20 genes de susceptibilidade tumoral para PPGLs foram descritos. Variantes patogênicas germinativas no SDHB representam o fator preditor mais estabelecido para doença metastática. Objetivo: investigar a etiologia genética de uma grande coorte de pacientes com PPGLs metastáticos e não metastáticos. Métodos: variantes patogênicas e grandes deleções germinativas nos genes VHL, SDHB, SDHD, SDHC, TMEM127 e MAX foram investigadas pelas técnicas de SANGER e Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) em 155 pacientes índices com PPGLs. Posteriormente, 33 casos negativos foram estudados por meio de um painel genético por sequenciamento paralelo em larga escala. Resultados: o diagnóstico genético foi definido em 72 (46,5%) dos 155 pacientes com PPGLs. Os genes mais frequentemente afetados foram SDHB (14%) e RET (13,5%), seguidos por VHL (7,8%), SDHD (3,2%), NF1 (2,6%), SDHA (1,3%), TMEM127 (1,3%), MAX (1,3%), KIF1B (< 1%) e H3F3A (< 1%). Todas os defeitos genéticos germinativos foram identificados em heterozigose. Dentre os 22 defeitos germinativos no SDHB, 7 são VP missense (32%), 4 são VP frameshift/stop codon (18%), 2 VP em sítio de splicing (9%) e 9 grandes deleções do SDHB (41%). A deleção completa do exon 1 do SDHB foi a alteração genética mais frequente do SDHB, sendo identificada em 8 de 22 pacientes (36,4%). Doença metastática foi diagnosticada em 11 de 22 casos (52%) com SDHB mutado. Na coorte de PPGLs pediátricos, VPs germinativas em heterozigose foram identificadas em 12 (72%) de 21 casos índices: VHL 28%, SDHB 28%, SDHD 9% e RET 4%. Doença metastática foi diagnosticada em 37 (24%) de 155 casos índices com PPGLs. Dentre os PPGLs metastáticos, 16 casos (43,2%) tiveram diagnóstico genético definido: SDHB 11 casos (29,7%), NF1 dois casos (5,4%), SDHD um caso (2,7%), SDHA um caso (2,7%) e KIF1B um caso (2,7%). A deleção completa do exon 1 do SDHB foi associada a ausência de captação das lesões metastáticas na cintilografia com 131I- MIBG (X2 = 6,39, p = 0,012). A presença de alterações genéticas do SDHB (p = 0,01) e um escore de PASS 4 (p = 0,04) foram preditores independentes de doença metastática. Conclusões: o diagnóstico genético foi definido em 47% dos pacientes com PPGLs. A deleção completa do exon 1 foi a alteração genética mais frequente do SDHB. O diagnóstico genético foi definido em 72% dos PPGLs pediátricos, com o VHL sendo o gene mais comumente mutado. A frequência de diagnóstico genético nos PPGLs metastáticos foi 43%, com SDHB sendo o gene mais afetado. A deleção completa do exon 1 do SDHB foi associada a ausência de captação das lesões metastáticas na cintilografia com 131I-MIBG
Title in English
Genetic investigation of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas
Keywords in English
Genetics
Metastases
Paraganglioma
Pheochromocytoma
Abstract in English
Introduction: pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors arising from chromaffin cells (pheochromocytomas 80% and paragangliomas 20%). About 10%-20% of the patients with PPGLs develop metastatic disease, defined by the presence of tumor in non-chromaffin tissues. PPGLs have the highest heritability among endocrine tumors. Currently, about 40% of PPGL individuals have genetic germline pathogenic variants (PVs) in at least 20 different susceptibility genes. Germline PVs in SDHB gene are the most well-established risk factor to predict metastatic disease. Aim: to investigate genetic etiology of a large cohort of metastatic and non-metastatic PPGLs. Methods: Germline PVs and large deletions in VHL, SDHB, SDHD, SDHC, TMEM127 and MAX genes were investigated by SANGER and Multiplex Ligation- dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA) in 155 index patients with PPGLs. After this first step, a custom target enrichment panel for PPGL susceptibility genes was performed in 33 negative cases. Results: genetic diagnosis was identified in 72 (46.5%) out of 155 patients with PPGLs. The most affected genes were SDHB (14%) and RET (13,5%), followed by VHL (7.8%), SDHD (3.2%), NF1 (2.6%), SDHA (1.3%), TMEM127 (1.3%), MAX (1.3%), KIF1B (<1%) and H3F3A (<1%). All germline genetic alterations were identified in heterozygosity. Among 22 germline defects in SDHB, 7 were missense PVs (32%), 4 were frameshift/stop codon PVs (18%), 2 were splicing site PVs (9%) and 9 were SDHB large deletions (41%). The exon 1 complete deletion was the most frequent genetic alteration of SDHB, being identified in 8 out of 22 patients (36.4%). Metastatic disease was diagnosed in 11 out of 22 (52%) SDHB mutant PPGLs. Among pediatric PPGLs, germline PVs were identified in 12 (72%) out of 21 index cases: VHL 28%, SDHB 28%, SDHD 9% and RET 4%. Metastatic disease was diagnosed in 37 (24%) out of 155 PPGL patients. Among metastatic PPGLs, 16 casos (43.2%) had a positive genetic diagnosis: SDHB 11 cases (29.7%), NF1 two cases (5.4%), SDHD one case (2.7%), SDHA one case (2.7%) and KIF1B one case (2.7%). Patients with SDHB exon 1 complete deletion presented metastatic lesions with a negative uptake in the 131I-MIBG scintigraphy (X2 = 6.39, p = 0.012). The presence of SDHB genetic defects (p = 0.01) and a PASS score 4 (p = 0.04) were independent predictors of metastatic disease. Conclusion: genetic diagnosis was identified in almost half of PPGLs. SDHB exon 1 complete deletion was the most frequent genetic alteration of SDHB. Genetic diagnosis was achieved in the majority (72%) of pediatric PPGLs, with VHL being the most frequent mutated gene. Among metastatic PPGLs, genetic diagnosis was defined in 43% of the cases, with SDHB being the most affected gene. SDHB exon 1 complete deletion was associated with absence of uptake of metastatic lesion in 131I-MIBG scintigraphy
 
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Publishing Date
2023-01-18
 
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