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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.5.2015.tde-09062015-155745
Document
Author
Full name
Cláudia Maria Dantas de Maio Carrilho
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2014
Supervisor
Committee
Costa, Silvia Figueiredo (President)
Trabasso, Plínio
Corrêa, Luci
Levin, Anna Sara Shafferman
Nicodemo, Antonio Carlos
Title in Portuguese
Caracterização clínica, microbiológica e molecular e tratamento de infecções por enterobactérias resistentes aos carbapenêmicos
Keywords in Portuguese
Carbapenêmicos
Enterobacteriaceae
Farmacorresistência bacteriana múltipla
Polimixinas
Abstract in Portuguese
Introdução: Infecções por Enterobactérias resistentes aos carbapenêmicos (ERC), em especial produtoras de Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenamase tipo KPC hoje são endêmicas em diversas regiões do mundo, seu tratamento é ainda um grande desafio em particular de isolados resistentes à polimixina. Objetivos: Descrever as características clínicas, microbiológicas e moleculares das infecções por ERC. Método: Estudo de coorte prospectiva, realizado no Hospital Universitário de Londrina, Paraná, Brasil, entre março de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. Foram acompanhados pacientes >= 18 anos, que apresentaram infecção por ERC. Dados demográficos e clínicos como idade, sexo, diagnóstico à admissão e presença de co-morbidades de acordo com critérios de Charlson, internação em Unidade de Terapia intensiva e scores APACHE e SOFA desses pacientes, colonização prévia por ERC, cirurgia prévia à infecção, diálise, uso prévio de antimicrobianos e sítio de infecção foram coletados. Foram avaliados os antimicrobianos utilizados para tratamento das infecções por mais de 48 horas nos seguintes pontos: monoterapia ou terapia associada, tempo de início (menor e maior que 12 horas). A identificação do agente foi realizada por método automatizado (Vitek II - bioMerieuxR) e a concentração inibitória mínima dos antibióticos por técnica de microdiluição em caldo, pesquisa de gene blaKPC pela técnica de Polimerase Chain Reaction e sinergismo entre drogas utilizadas em tratamento combinado por meio do método Time Kill. A clonalidade, por Pulsed Field gel eletroforese e analisada por dendograma pelo Bionumerics. Foram realizadas análise bivariada e regressão logística multivariada com técnica de Forward Stepwise para detectar fatores de risco para resistência a polimixina e mortalidade. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%, utilizando os programas Epi Info 7.0 e SPSS. Resultados: No período de estudo, 127 pacientes apresentaram infecções por ERC, idade média de 55,7 (± 18) anos e 88 (69.3%) do sexo masculino. Infecções de trato respiratório (52-42%) e trato urinário (51 - 40,2%) foram as mais freqüentes, 27 (21,3%) resistentes à polimixina, 113 (89%) das enterobactérias eram K. pneumoniae e 96 (75,6%) tinham gene blaKPC.. Cinquenta e cinco (43,3%) eram polimicrobianas, a maioria (28,3%) co-infecção por Acinetobacter baumannii. A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar foi 61,4%, sendo 34,6% relacionada à infecção e não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos sensíveis (34%) e resistentes à polimixina (37%), p=0.46. Os fatores de risco independentes para óbito foram choque (OR 27.40; IC95% 1.68-446.82; p= 0.02) e diálise (OR 13.26; IC95% 1.17-149.98; p= 0.03); para resistência à polimixina: uso prévio de carbapenem ( OR 2.95; IC95% 1.12-7.78; p= 0.02) e para óbito nessa população: diálise (OR 7,58; IC95% 1,30-43,92; p= 0.02). Terapia combinada, tempo de início de antibiótico sensível e sinergismo in vitro não tiveram impacto significativo na mortalidade. Conclusão: O uso prévio de carbapenêmico foi o único fator associado com a resistência à polimixina nesse estudo. Os fatores associados ao óbito entre os pacientes com infecções por enterobactérias resistentes à polimixina foram fatores de gravidade, como diálise e choque. Nenhuma opção terapêutica, em especial a associação de drogas e nem o tempo de início do tratamento, interferiu na mortalidade deste grupo de pacientes
Title in English
Clinical, microbiology and molecular characterization and treatment of infections with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae
Keywords in English
Carbapenems
Drug resistance multiple bacterial
Enterobacteriaceae
Polymyxins
Abstract in English
Introduction: Infections due to Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemase type KPC, have been endemic in several regions around the world. Their treatment remains a major challenge, particularly for isolates resistant to polymyxin. Objectives: To describe the clinical, microbiological and molecular characteristics of infections by CRE. Methods: Prospective cohort conducted at the University Hospital of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, from March 2011 to December 2012. All hospitalized patients >= 18 years old who developed infection by CRE were followed until death or discharge. We collected and analyzed the following clinical data: age, sex, diagnosis at admission, presence of comorbidities according to the Charlson criteria, admission in Intensive Care Unit, APACHE and SOFA scores, previous colonization by CRE, previous surgery, dialysis, prior antibiotic use and infection site; furthermore, we also evaluated the time between the blood culture collect and the first antimicrobial dose administration (start time - smaller or longer than 12 hours) as well as whether the treatment was monotherapy or combine therapy for more than 48 hours. The microbiological identification was performed by automated method (Vitek II - bioMerieuxR) and the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics by broth microdilution technique, research blaKPC gene by the technique of Polymerase Chain Reaction and synergism between the drugs used in the combination therapy by Time Kill method. The clonality was carried out by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and analyzed by dendrogram by BioNumerics. Bivariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression with forward stepwise technique were performed to detect risk factors for resistance to polymyxin and mortality. The level of significance was 5%, using Epi Info 7.0 and SPSS programs. Results: During the study period, 127 patients developed infections by CRE, mean age 55.7 (± 18) years and 88 (69.3%) were male. Respiratory tract infections 52 (42%) and urinary tract 51 (40.2%) were the most frequent. Twenty seven (21.3%) agents were resistant to polymyxin; 113 (89%) were K. pneumoniae and 96 (75.6%) had blaKPC gene. Fifty-five (43.3%) were polymicrobial, the majority (28.3%) co-infection by Acinetobacter baumannii. The hospital mortality rate was 61.4% and 34.6% of the death were related to infection. There was no difference in mortality rate between sensitive (34%) versus resistant (37%)(p = 0.46) to polymyxin. The independent risk factors for death were shock (OR 27.40; 95% CI 1.68-446.82; p = 0.02) and dialysis (OR 13:26; 95% CI 1.17-149.98; p = 0.03); and for resistance to polymyxin were previous use of carbapenem (OR 2.95; 95% CI 1.12-7.78; p = 0.02). The risk factor for death in our study was dialysis (OR 7.58; 95% CI 1.30 to 43.92; p = 0.02). Combine therapy, start time and sensitive and antibiotic synergy in vitro had no significant impact on mortality. Conclusion: In our study, previous carbapenem use was the only factor associated with resistance to polymyxin. Furthermore, dialysis and shock were the only factors associated with death among patients with infections caused by CRE resistant to polymyxin. No therapeutic option, especially the combination of drugs and the start time decreased the higher mortality rates in this group of patients
 
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Publishing Date
2015-06-10
 
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