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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.46.2022.tde-09082023-175313
Document
Author
Full name
Daria Raquel Queiroz de Almeida
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2022
Supervisor
Committee
Labriola, Leticia (President)
Carvalho, Hernandes Faustino de
Ferreira, Ana Maria da Costa
Pierulivo, Enrique Mario Boccardo
Title in Portuguese
Participação da ferroptose na morte celular desencadeada pela terapia fotodinâmica com o azul de metileno em adenocarcinoma de ducto pancreático humano
Keywords in Portuguese
Adenocarcinoma de ducto pancreático
Ferroptose
Morte celular
Organoides
Terapia fotodinâmica
Abstract in Portuguese
O adenocarcinoma de ducto pancreático (PDAC) é a quarta causa de morte relacionada ao câncer em todo mundo na atualidade, e estudos apontam que ele ocupará a segunda posição neste ranking antes de 2030. Além disso, esses tumores apresentam a menor sobrevida global de cinco anos pós-diagnóstico entre todas as neoplasias, inferior a 9%. O diagnóstico em estágios avançados, devido à ausência de marcadores precisos para as fases iniciais da doença e sintomatologia ausente ou inespecífica, limita a elegibilidade dos pacientes à cirurgia ressectiva entre 15 e 20%, que é, atualmente, a única abordagem com potencial de cura para esses tumores. Adicionalmente, mesmo os pacientes com tumores confinados ao sítio primário e submetidos à cirurgia e que recebem quimioterapia adjuvante apresentam recidiva tumoral em menos de um ano. No presente trabalho, nós investigamos a capacidade da MB-PDT em ativar a ferroptose, via de morte celular regulada independente da apoptose, em diferentes linhagens de PDAC, MIAPaCa-2, Panc-1, AsPC-1 e BxPC-3, células que apresentam diferentes perfil moleculares e características fenotípicas. Além disso, foi avaliado o potencial dessa terapia combinada com diferentes quimioterápicos utilizados na clínica sobre modelos de organoides derivados de pacientes com PDAC. Os resultados aqui apresentados demonstraram que a MB-PDT é capaz de aumentar a peroxidação lipídica e ativar a ferroptose em diferentes linhagens de PDAC, especialmente em células com maior expressão basal de ACSL- 4, enzima participante na inserção de lipídeos poli-insaturados nas membranas biológicas. Nesse contexto, foi identificado que a suplementação com lipídeos deuterados protegeu a linhagem BxPC-3 contra a morte induzida pela MB-PDT, de forma semelhante à ação da Fer-1, um inibidor de ferroptose. Por outro lado, identificamos que a linhagem Panc-1 apresenta resistência à ferroptose no contexto da MB-PDT, provavelmente devido ao menor conteúdo de ferro lábil intracelular, menor expressão basal de ACSL-4, altos níveis de G6PD, e a capacidade de montar uma resposta antioxidante mais eficiente, que foi capaz de protegê-la contra o aumento da peroxidação lipídica. Além da ferroptose, a MB-PDT foi capaz de ativar a necroptose, uma via de necrose regulada dependente de RIPK3 e MLKL, em duas das quatro linhagens avaliadas, AsPC-1 e BxPC-3, além da morte celular dependente de lisossomos em MIAPaCa-2, o que indica o potencial dessa terapia em ativar múltiplos mecanismos de morte nesse tipo de tumor. Por fim, nós identificamos que a MB-PDT foi capaz de atuar sinergicamente aumentando a efetividade dos quimioterápicos gemcitabina, irinotecano, 5-fluorouracil e oxaliplatina sobre organoides derivados e amostras tumorais de pacientes com PDAC. Com base nesses dados, é possível concluir que a MB-PDT é eficiente para eliminar células de PDAC de diferentes subtipos, sendo capaz de ativar múltiplos mecanismos de morte celular simultaneamente, incluindo mecanismos não-apoptóticos, como a ferroptose e a necroptose e, por meio de sua atuação sinérgica com diferentes quimioterápicos, aumentar a susceptibilidade de organoides de PDAC à morte. Em conjunto, os dados aqui apresentados trazem evidências moleculares da ação da MB-PDT sobre o PDAC e reforçam seu potencial como adjuvante à quimioterapia, o que pode melhorar o cenário de tratamento desses tumores resistentes a vias clássicas de morte celular, diminuindo os efeitos colaterais desencadeados pelas altas doses de quimioterápicos e, assim, aumentar tanto a sobrevida dos pacientes quanto a sua qualidade de vida.
Title in English
Ferroptosis is involved in the citotoxic effect of photodynamic therapy using methylene blue in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Keywords in English
Cell death
Ferroptosis
Organoids
Pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma
Photodynamic therapy
Abstract in English
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancerrelated death worldwide, and studies indicate that it will occupy the second position in this ranking before 2030. In addition, these tumors have the lowest overall five years survival rate after diagnosis among all neoplasms, less than 9%. The absence of precise markers for the early stages of the disease leads to its diagnosis in advanced stages, thus limiting the eligibility of patients for surgery to 15 to 20%. Surgery is, today, the only approach with potential to cure this cancer. Additionally, even patients with tumors confined to the primary site undergoing surgery and receiving adjuvant chemotherapy experience tumor recurrence in less than one year. The inter and intratumoral heterogeneity and the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME), with pronounced desmoplastic content and important immunomodulatory capacity, are key factors in the resistance of PDAC to the state-of the-art therapeutic approaches. Most of them activate apoptosis, for which these tumors have developed evasion mechanisms. In this work, we investigated the ability of MB-PDT (a cytotoxic therapy based on the excitation of a photosensitizing molecule (Ps) that undergoes a specific sequence of reactions, inducing oxidative stress and leading to tumor cell death) to activate the ferroptosis, an apoptosis-independent regulated cell death pathway, in human PDAC cells, MIAPaCa-2, Panc-1, AsPC-1 and BxPC-3. To test the effect of this therapy in models that are closer to the tumor biology, we tested the killing capacity of MB-PDT in combination with different chemotherapeutics used in the clinic on organoid models derived from patients with PDAC. Our results showed that MB-PDT increases lipid peroxidation and activate ferroptosis in different PDAC cell lines, especially in those with higher basal expression of ACSL-4, an enzyme that participates in the insertion of polyunsaturated lipids (PUFAs) in biological membranes. Our results also showed that supplementation with deuterated lipids protected the BxPC-3 strain against MB-PDT-induced death, similarly to the action of Fer-1, a ferroptosis inhibitor. Furthermore, we showed that the Panc-1 exhibits resistance to ferroptosis in the context of MB-PDT, probably due to lower intracellular labile iron content, lower basal expression of ACSL-4, high levels of G6PD, and the ability to assemble a more efficient antioxidant response, which was able to protect it against increased lipid peroxidation. MB-PDT was able not only to activate necroptosis, a regulated necrosis pathway dependent on RIPK3 and MLKL, in two of the four strains evaluated, AsPC-1 and BxPC-3, but also lysosome dependent cell death in MIAPaCa- 2, which indicates the potential of this therapy to activate multiple mechanisms of death in this type of tumor. Additionally, we identified that MB-PDT was able to act synergistically and increase the effectiveness of the chemotherapy drugs gemcitabine, irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin on organoids derived from patients with PDAC. Based on these data, it is possible to conclude that MB-PDT display a significant capacity to eliminate PDAC cells of different subtypes, by the activation of multiple mechanisms of cell death simultaneously, including non-apoptotic ones, such as ferroptosis and necroptosis. Moreover, the possibility of using MB-PDT in combination with chemotherapy tackles two drawback of the actual treatment by being able to not only of increasing survival time of the patients but also of reducing the side effects triggered by high doses of these compounds. Altogether, the data presented here provide molecular evidence of the action of MB-PDT against PDAC and reinforce its potential as an adjuvant to chemotherapy, which may improve the treatment scenario for these tumors resistant to classical cell death pathways
 
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Publishing Date
2023-08-25
 
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