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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.42.2023.tde-05092023-145022
Document
Author
Full name
Felipe Raimondi Guidolin
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2023
Supervisor
Committee
Silva, Wilmar Dias da (President)
Faccioli, Lucia Helena
Gremski, Luiza Helena
Starobinas, Nancy
Title in Portuguese
Antivenenos contra frações enzimaticamente ativas isoladas do veneno da serpente Bitis arietans e possíveis modelos para a produção de antivenenos para uso na África subsaariana
Keywords in Portuguese
Bitis arietans
Anticorpos
Antivenenos
Peçonha de serpente
Abstract in Portuguese
Acidentes com serpentes são responsáveis por cerca de 32 000 mortes anuais na África subsaariana, causados principalmente por serpentes do gênero Bitis, em especial Bitis arietans. A peçonha desses animais é uma mistura complexa, composta de metaloproteases, serinoproteases, fosfolipases A2, lectinas do tipo C e desintegrinas, que atuam de muitas formas diferentes na cascata de coagulação. A identificação e o isolamento de toxinas-chave presentes na peçonha, visando a produção de anticorpos específicos contra esses componentes de interesse, poderia ser uma abordagem possível para a produção de antivenenos mais eficientes. Nesse projeto, comparamos as abordagens toxina-dirigida e tradicional, com o objetivo de desenvolver um antiveneno anti-Bitis para uso na África subsaariana. As frações da peçonha de Bitis arietans foram isoladas por cromatografia de exclusão molecular e obtivemos 8 picos individuais. Os picos 2 e 3 (contendo serinoproteases) e o pico 5 (contendo metaloproteases) foram selecionados para a imunização dos animais experimentais. Camundongos Balb/c foram imunizados com peçonha de B. arietans ou um dos três picos isolados, com sílica mesoporosa sendo utilizada como adjuvante. Os animais receberam 6 inoculações por via subcutânea, com intervalo de 15 dias entre injeções. Ao final do processo o sangue foi coletado e processado, e os plasmas hiperimunes foram avaliados. Os plasmas anti- B. arietans e anti-serinoproteases reconheceram as mesmas bandas presentes na peçonha de B. arietans, e apresentaram títulos e afinidade mais elevados do que o plasma do grupo imunizado com metaloproteases. Os plasmas dos grupos anti- B. arietans e anti-serinoproteases apresentaram reconhecimento cruzado contra as peçonhas de B. nasicoris e B. rhinoceros, mas numa intensidade muito baixa para podermos inferir potencial protetivo. Apesar de todos os grupos terem conseguido inibir a atividade enzimática da peçonha de B. arietans in vitro, nenhum foi capaz de gerar proteção in vivo. Nossos resultados indicam que as serinoproteases seriam mais fortemente imunogênicas, e direcionaram a resposta imune e a produção de anticorpos, mesmo em animais imunizados com a peçonha total. Também concluímos que a neutralização de um componente isolado não seria o bastante para prevenir a morte induzida pela peçonha. Com base nisso, apresentamos um modelo de produção de soros antiofídicos monovalentes, que poderiam ser combinados para gerar soros polivalentes customizáveis para uso na África subsaariana.
Title in English
Antivenoms against enzimatically active fractions isolated from Bitis arietans venom, and possible models for antivenom production for use in sub-Saharan Africa
Keywords in English
Bitis arietans
Antibodies
Antivenon. Snake venons
Abstract in English
Accidents with snakes are responsible for about 32 000 deaths annually in sub-Saharan Africa, caused mainly by snakes of the genus Bitis, in particular Bitis arietans. The venom of these animals is a complex mixture, composed of metalloproteases, serineproteases, phospholipases A2, C-type lectins and disintegrins, which affect the coagulation cascade in different ways. The identification and isolation of key toxins present in the snake venom, aiming at the production of specific antibodies against these components of interest, could be a possible approach for the production of more efficient antivenoms. In this project, we compare the toxin-oriented and traditional approaches, with the aim of developing an anti-Bitis antivenom for use in sub-Saharan Africa. Fractions from Bitis arietans venom were isolated by size exclusion chromatography and we obtained 8 individual peaks. Peaks 2 and 3 (containing serineproteases) and peak 5 (containing metalloproteases) were selected for the immunization of experimental animals. Balb/c mice were immunized with B. arietans venom or one of the three isolated peaks, with mesoporous silica being used as adjuvant. The animals received 6 inoculations subcutaneously, in intervals of 15 days. At the end of the process, blood was collected and processed, and the hyperimmune plasmas were evaluated. The anti-B. arietans and anti-serineproteases plasmas recognized the same protein bands present in the venom of B. arietans, and showed higher titers and affinity than the plasma of the group immunized with metalloproteases. The anti-B. arietans and anti-serineproteases plasmas also cross-recognize B. nasicoris and B. rhinoceros venoms, but with an intensity too low for us to be able to infer protective potential. Although all groups were able to inhibit the enzymatic activity of B. arietans venom in vitro , none was able to generate protection in vivo Our results indicate that serineproteases would be more strongly immunogenic, and directed the immune response and antibody production even in animals immunized with whole venom. We also concluded that the neutralization of a single component would not be enough to prevent venom-induced death. Based on this, we present a model for the production of monovalent antivenom sera, which could be combined to generate customizable polyvalent sera for use in sub-Saharan Africa.
 
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Release Date
2025-09-05
Publishing Date
2023-09-12
 
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