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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.42.2023.tde-03102023-153945
Document
Author
Full name
Carla Sanzochi Fogolin
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2023
Supervisor
Committee
Barbuto, Jose Alexandre Marzagao (President)
Campa, Ana
Kaneno, Ramon
Lepique, Ana Paula
Title in Portuguese
Células dendríticas derivadas de monócitos e índices hematológicos em pacientes com glioblastoma submetidos a imunoterapia
Keywords in Portuguese
Glioblastoma
Imunoterapia
Mo-DC
Razão Granulócitos: Linfócitos
Razão Plaquetas:Linfócitos
Abstract in Portuguese
Glioblastoma (GBM) é o tumor do sistema nervoso central (SNC), mais invasivo, indiferenciado, agressivo e comum em adultos. O tratamento padrão consiste na ressecção cirúrgica máxima seguida de quimioterapia e radioterapia concomitantes, e mesmo assim a sobrevida mediana dos pacientes é de apenas 15 meses, em muitos casos com baixa qualidade de vida. Esse quadro indica a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novas abordagens terapêuticas, dentre as quais, a imunoterapia baseada em células dendríticas (DC) é uma boa candidata, devido a sua capacidade única de ativar linfócitos T. Uma dessas abordagens está sendo testada em nosso laboratório, usando DC alogeneicas para vacinar os pacientes em substituição às DC autólogas, potencialmente disfuncionais. As DC são fusionadas com células do tumor do paciente, que fornecem os antígenos e o MHC autólogo. Esta estratégia já se mostrou eficaz em reverter o estado disfuncional das DC no melanoma e no carcinoma renal, aumentando sua capacidade de ativar linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+. Para avaliar se esse fenômeno também acontecia nos pacientes com GBM, DC derivadas de monócitos (mo-DC) de pacientes foram produzidas em vários momentos (antes da cirurgia, após a cirurgia e antes de cada dose da vacina), e sua capacidade de estimular a proliferação de linfócitos T alogeneicos de doadores saudáveis foi avaliada. As análises encontraram uma grande variabilidade, tanto na resposta individual dos pacientes, quanto entre as doses das vacinas. Apesar da heterogeneidade das respostas, alguns fenômenos interessantes foram observados: houve um declínio na capacidade de estimulação dos linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ depois da cirurgia, sugerindo que já a retirada do tumor pode mudar o status do sistema imune; frequentemente a capacidade de estimulação dos linfócitos T aumentou no início da imunoterapia (entre a 2ª e a 4ª coletas), mas esta não se sustentou. O fenótipo das mo-DC, embora avaliado em número baixo de amostras, mostrou uma tendência para células com baixa atividade estimuladora, mas não tão nitidamente quanto o que foi visto em tumores renais e de mama. Além disso, mulheres e homens responderam de forma diferente, com os homens apresentando DC com maior capacidade aloestimuladora nas coletas iniciais e as mulheres com respostas maiores nas coletas mais tardias, sendo necessário, porém, confirmação desta tendência em número maior de pacientes. As razões granulócitos:linfócitos e plaquetas:linfócitos, que em determinadas neoplasias tem mostrado correlação com a evolução clínica, em nossos pacientes também variaram entre as coletas, mas, de modo geral pôde-se notar associação entre menores índices e maiores sobrevidas dos pacientes. Assim, observamos que a cirurgia, agudamente, e a imunoterapia, cronicamente, afetam a função linfo-estimuladora das mo-DC dos pacientes. Entretanto a grande heterogeneidade dos resultados impede que se conclua definitivamente quanto a seus efeitos e quanto a sua correlação com a evolução clínica dos pacientes.
Title in English
Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells and Hematological Indexes in Glioblastoma Patients Who Underwent Immunotherapy
Keywords in English
Glioblastoma
Granulocyte to lymphocyte ratio
Immunotherapy
Mo-DC
Platelet to lymphocyte ratio
Abstract in English
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most invasive, undifferentiated, aggressive, and common central nervous system (CNS) tumor in adults. The standard treatment consists of maximum surgical resection followed by concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy, yet the median survival of patients is only 15 months, often with poor quality of life. This scenario indicates the need for the development of new therapeutic approaches, among which dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy is a good candidate due to its unique ability to activate T lymphocytes. This approach is being tested in our laboratory, using allogenic DCs to vaccinate patients - instead of potentially dysfunctional autologous DCs. The DCs are fused with patient tumor cells, which provide the antigens and autologous MHC. This strategy has already been shown to be effective in reversing the dysfunctional state of DCs in melanoma and renal carcinoma, increasing their ability to activate CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. To evaluate whether this phenomenon also occurred in patients with GBM, DCs derived from patient monocytes (mo-DCs) were produced at various time points (before surgery, after surgery, and before each vaccine dose), and their ability to stimulate the proliferation of allogenic T lymphocytes from healthy donors was evaluated. The analyses found a large variability, both in the individual response of patients and between vaccine doses. Despite the heterogeneity of the responses, some interesting phenomena were observed: there was a decline in the ability to stimulate CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes after surgery, suggesting that tumor removal alone can change the status of the immune system; frequently, the ability to stimulate T lymphocytes increased at the beginning of immunotherapy (between the 2nd and 4th doses), but this was not sustained. The mo-DC phenotype, although evaluated in a small number of samples, showed a tendency towards cells with low stimulatory activity, but not as clearly as what was seen in renal and breast tumors. In addition, men and women responded differently, with men showing DCs with greater allostimulatory capacity in early doses and women showing larger responses in later doses, but confirmation of this trend in a larger number of patients is needed. The granulocyte:lymphocyte and platelet:lymphocyte ratios, which in certain neoplasms have shown correlation with clinical evolution, also varied between doses in our patients, but, in general, an association between lower ratios and higher patient survival could be observed. Thus, we observed that surgery acutely and immunotherapy chronically affect the lympho-stimulatory function of patients' mo-DCs. However, the great heterogeneity of the results prevents a definitive conclusion regarding their effects and their correlation with the clinical evolution of patients.
 
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Release Date
2025-10-02
Publishing Date
2023-10-04
 
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