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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.42.2023.tde-15092023-110730
Document
Author
Full name
Vinicius de Morais Barroso
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2023
Supervisor
Committee
Ishida, Kelly (President)
Almeida, Sandro Rogerio de
Correa, Benedito
Melo, Analy Salles de Azevedo
Title in Portuguese
Atividade antifúngica de derivados 2-ariloxazolinas e miltefosina sobre Candida spp. e inibição dos fatores de virulência de Candida albicans
Keywords in Portuguese
2-ariloxazolina
Candida spp.
Candida albicans
expressão gênica
fatores de virulência
hifa
miltefosina
morfogênese
Abstract in Portuguese
Novas moléculas antifúngicas estão sendo pesquisadas, abordando novos alvos e mecanismos de ação. Sendo assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a atividade antifúngica, os efeitos morfofisiológicos e moleculares dos derivados de 2-ariloxazolinas (4i e 9i) e miltefosina (MFS) sobre Candida spp. O crescimento de 73 isolados de Candida spp. foi inibido pelos compostos 4i e 9i em concentrações inibitórias mínimas (CIM) 2 μg/mL acumulando leveduras em brotamento. Embora esses compostos não tenham inibido a atividade metabólica em Candida spp., eles conseguiram inibir até 50% da biomassa total dos biofilmes de Candida albicans nas primeiras 12h. Além disso, 4i e 9i inibiram a atividade da proteinase e fosfolipase de C. albicans. No ensaio in vivo no modelo Galleria mellonella, 4i (100 mg/kg) não demonstrou toxicidade, contudo não apresentou efeito antifúngico nas doses testadas (20-40 mg/kg). Interessantemente, os compostos 4i e 9i reduziram a formação de hifas em C. albicans e inibiram totalmente a filamentação de C. tropicalis em meio RPMI, Lee e Spider. No ensaio de expressão gênica, alguns genes foram regulados negativamente após o tratamento das leveduras com o composto 4i, principalmente as adesinas (HWP1 e ALS3), candidalisina (ECE1), fatores de transcrição TEC1, EFG1 e CEK1. Devido a regulação negativa dos alvos Efg1 e Tec1, pertencentes a via do cAMP e a regulação negativa do Cek1, pertencente da via MAPK, nas células tratadas, sugerimos que o composto 4i está inibindo a morfogênese pela inibição destas duas vias resultando na redução da expressão dos genes expressos durante a filamentação. A MFS inibiu o crescimento de todos os isolados de C. albicans, incluindo as cepas resistentes ao fluconazol (CIM=1-2 μg/mL), e também apresentou efeito fungicida. Em valores de CIM e 2xCIM a MFS inibe significativamente a adesão de até 50%. A MFS inibiu o crescimento fúngica e a formação de hifas em todos os meios indutores utilizados (RPMI, Spider (sólido e líquido), Lee e SM-GlcNAc). Além disso, todos os isolados tiveram os seus biofilmes inibidos em ambas as fases de desenvolvimento, na formação dos biofilmes (4-8 μg/mL) e no biofilme maduro (16-32 μg/mL). Na expressão dos genes de virulência em C. albicans, observamos a regulação negativa dos genes da via cAMP (RAS1, CYR1, EFG1 e TEC1) e na MAPK (CEK1), além da regulação negativa nos genes para as adesinas (HWP1 e ALS3) e candidalisina (ECE1). Concluímos que a os derivados 2-ariloxazolinas (4i e 9i) e a MFS tem forte potencial como agentes antifúngicos contra C. albicans e outras espécies. Além disso, estes compostos inibem a morfogênese de C. lbicans e/ou C. tropicalis resultando na inibição de outros fatores de virulência associado ao processo de filamentação, regulando negativamente as vias cAMP e MAPK.
Title in English
Antifungal activity of 2-aryloxazoline derivatives and miltefosine on Candida spp. and inhibition of Candida albicans virulence factors
Keywords in English
2-aryloxazoline
Candida spp.
gene expression
miltefosine
Abstract in English
New antifungal molecules are being researched, addressing new targets and mechanisms of action. Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the antifungal activity, the morphophysiological and molecular effects of 2-aryloxazoline derivatives (4i and 9i), and miltefosine (MFS) on Candida spp. The growth of 73 Candida spp. was inhibited by compounds 4i and 9i at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) 2 μg/mL accumulating budding yeast. Although these compounds did not inhibit the metabolic activity in Candida spp., they could inhibit up to 50% of the total biomass of Candida albicans biofilms in the first 12h. Furthermore, 4i and 9i inhibited C. albicans proteinase and phospholipase activity. In the in vivo assay on the Galleria mellonella model, 4i (100 mg/kg) did not demonstrate toxicity, however, it did notan show antifungal effect at the doses tested (20-40 mg/kg). Interestingly, compounds 4i and 9i reduced hyphal formation in C. albicans and completely inhibited filamentation in C. tropicalis in RPMI, Lee and Spider medium. In the gene expression assay, some genes were downregulated after treatment of yeast with compound 4i, mainly adhesins (HWP1 and ALS3), candidalysin (ECE1), transcription factors TEC1, EFG1 and CEK1. Due to the downregulation of Efg1 and Tec1 targets, belonging to the cAMP pathway and the downregulation of Cek1, belonging to the MAPK pathway, in treated cells, we suggest that compound 4i is inhibiting morphogenesis by inhibiting these two pathways resulting in reduced expression of genes expressed during filamentation. MFS inhibited the growth of all C. albicans isolates, including strains resistant to fluconazole (MIC=1-2 μg/mL), and also showed a fungicidal effect. At MIC and 2xMIC values, MFS significantly inhibits adherence up to 50%. MFS inhibited fungal growth and hyphal formation in all inducing media used (RPMI, Spider (solid and liquid), Lee and SM-GlcNAc). Furthermore, all isolates had their biofilms inhibited in both stages of development, in the formation of biofilms (4-8 μg/mL) and in the mature biofilm (16-32 μg/mL). In the expression of virulence genes in C. albicans, we observed downregulation of genes in the cAMP pathway (RAS1, CYR1, EFG1 and TEC1) and MAPK (CEK1), in addition to downregulation in genes for adhesins (HWP1 and ALS3). and candidalysin (ECE1). We conclude that the 2-aryloxazoline derivatives (4i and 9i) and MFS have strong potential as antifungal agents against C. albicans and other species. Furthermore, these compounds inhibit the morphogenesis of C. albicans and/or C. tropicalis resulting in the inhibition of other virulence factors associated with the filamentation process, negatively regulating the cAMP and MAPK pathways.
 
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Release Date
2025-09-14
Publishing Date
2023-09-15
 
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