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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.42.2022.tde-13102022-155406
Document
Author
Full name
Karine Sousa Dantas
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2022
Supervisor
Committee
Huenuman, Nilton Erbet Lincopan (President)
Ferreira, Rita de Cassia Cafe
Monte, Daniel Farias Marinho do
Pinto, Uelinton Manoel
Title in Portuguese
Ocorrência e análise genômica de bactérias Gram-negativas resistentes aos antibacterianos em vegetais comercializados a granel ou prontos para consumo
Keywords in Portuguese
endofítico
epifítico
KPC-2
segurança do alimento
Vegetais
Abstract in Portuguese
A resistência antimicrobiana é um problema de saúde pública que não é restrito ao ambiente hospitalar, representando também um problema crescente envolvendo a produção de alimentos de origem animal e vegetal. Especificamente, hortaliças contaminadas por patógenos resistentes a antibióticos de importância clínica é de principal interesse, pois esses alimentos são consumidos crus, aumentando o risco de exposição humana a bactérias resistentes e/ou seus genes de resistência. Neste estudo realizamos uma investigação de bactérias Gram-negativas epifíticas e endofíticas, resistentes a antibióticos, isoladas de vegetais orgânicos e não orgânicos comercializados a granel ou prontos para consumo na cidade de São Paulo. Enquanto as bactérias epifíticas foram isoladas da superfície das amostras sem prévia higienização, as bactérias endofíticas foram isoladas de amostras desinfectadas e maceradas em solução fisiológica estéril. A identificação das espécies foi realizada por MALDI-TOF-MS (Bruker), e o perfil de suscetibilidade foi avaliado pelo método de disco difusão. Dentre os isolados identificados houve predomínio de Pseudomonas spp. e Acinetobacter spp. com fenótipo de resistência a antibióticos β-lactâmicos e fluorquinolonas. Preocupantemente, uma cepa de Escherichia coli epifítica (REN5021), isolada de rúcula pronta para consumo, foi resistente às cefalosporinas de espectro estendido, carbapenêmicos, fluorquinolonas, tetraciclinas e sulfametoxazol-trimetoprim. Para esta cepa, foi realizado o sequenciamento do genoma completo (Illumina NextSeq) e a predição do resistoma, viruloma, plasmidoma e MLST (Multilocus sequence typing). O resistoma de E. coli REN5021 revelou a presença de genes de resistência aos antibióticos blaKPC-2, tetB, sul2, drfA, mph(A), aph(6)-Id, aph(3)-Ib, além de mutações nos genes gyrA (Ser-83- eu, Asp-87-Asn), parC (Ser-80-Ile) e parE (Leu-416-Phe). Foram preditos genes de tolerância a metais pesados (merR, merC, tehB), desinfetantes (emrD, tolC, mdtEF, tehA, acrEF, emrK) e ao glifosato (phnP, phnI, phnE, phnC). Um amplo viruloma foi predito, com presença de genes codificando para os sideróforos yersiniabactina (ybt) e enterobactina (ent). De fato, a patogenicidade de E. coli REN5021 foi confirmada no modelo de infecção em Galleria mellonella. Também foram identificados genes associados à tolerância ao pH ácido (gadWX e ibaG), que poderiam estar relacionados à sobrevivência da cepa em pH 2,0 após 2 horas de incubação. Foram preditos genes envolvidos na resposta ao estresse por hipoclorito (yjiE, nemR e rclRBC), os quais podem estar vinculados à tolerância de E. coli REN5021 ao hipoclorito de sódio (250 ppm). O gene blaKPC-2 foi carregado pelo transposon Tn4401b em um plasmídeo IncF (pMLST K2:A1:B10) transferível, como demonstrado pelo ensaio de conjugação. Finalmente, a cepa de E. coli KPC-2-positiva REN5021 pertenceu ao clone internacional ST1193. A análise filogenômica comparativa, realizada por core genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) e utilizando genomas publicamente disponíveis de E. coli ST1193, revelou sua relação clonal com cepas hospitalares (41 - 62 SNPs de diferença). Desta forma, as hortaliças podem representar uma rota de disseminação de patógenos resistentes aos antibióticos, incluindo cepas carregando genes de resistência para antibióticos de importância clínica. Portanto, hortaliças a granel ou prontas para consumo podem representar uma possível rota de disseminação de patógenos prioritários resistentes aos antibacterianos e/ou seus genes de resistência.
Title in English
Occurrence and genomic analysis of Gram-negative bacteria resistant to antibacterials in vegetables sold in bulk or ready-to-eat
Keywords in English
endophytic
epiphytic
food safety
KPC-2
Vegetables
Abstract in English
Antimicrobial resistance is a public health problem that is not restricted to the hospital environment, but also represents a problem related to the production of animal and plant foods. Specifically, vegetables contaminated by antibiotic-resistant pathogens of clinical importance are of primary interest, as these foods are consumed raw, increasing the risk of human exposure to resistant bacteria and/or their resistance genes. In this study, we perform an investigation of antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative epiphytic and endophytic bacteria isolated from organic and non-organic vegetables sold in bulk or ready-to-eat in the city of São Paulo. While the epiphytic bacteria were isolated from the surface of the samples without previous cleaning, the endophytic bacteria were isolated from the disinfected vegetables and macerated in sterile physiological solution. Species identification was performed by MALDI-TOF-MS (Bruker), and the susceptibility profile was evaluated by the disk diffusion method. Among the identified species there was a predominance of Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. with a phenotype of resistance to β-lactam and fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Worryingly, an epiphytic E. coli strain (REN5021), isolated from ready-to-eat arugula, was resistant to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. For this strain, the whole genome sequencing (Illumina NextSeq) and the prediction of resistome, viruloma, plasmidoma and MLST were performed. The E. coli REN5021 resistome revealed the presence of antibiotic resistance genes blaKPC-2, tetB, sul2, drfA, mph(A), aph(6)-Id, aph(3)-Ib, and mutations in gyrA (Ser83Leu, Asp87Asn), parC (Ser80Ile) and parE (Leu416Phe. Genes for tolerance to heavy metals (merR, merC, tehB), disinfectants (emrD, tolC, mdtEF, tehA, acrEF, emrK) and glyphosate (phnP, phnI, phnE, phnC) were predicted. A wide virulome was associated with the presence of genes coding for the siderophores yersiniabactin (ybt) and enterobactin (ent). In fact, a virulent behavior of E. coli REN5021 was confirmed by using the Galleria mellonella infection model. Genes associated with acid pH tolerance (gadWX and ibaG) were also identified, which could be related to the survival of the strain at pH 2.0 after 2 hours of incubation. Genes involved in the hypochlorite stress response (yjiE, nemR and rclRBC) were predicted, which may be linked to the tolerance of E. coli REN5021 to sodium hypochlorite (250 ppm). The blaKPC-2 gene was loaded by the Tn4401b transposon into a transferable IncF plasmid (pMLST K2:A1:B10), as demonstrated by the conjugation assay. Finally, the KPC-2-positive E. coli strain REN5021 belonged to the internationally distributed ST1193 clone. Comparative phylogenomic analysis, performed by core genome single nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNP) using publicly available genomes of E. coli ST1193, revealed its clonal relationship with hospital strains (41 - 62 SNPs of difference). In this way, vegetables may represent a route for the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, including strains carrying resistance genes for antibiotics of clinical importance. Therefore, vegetables in bulk or ready-to-eat may represent a possible route of dissemination of pathogens resistant to antibacterials and/or their resistance genes.
 
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Release Date
2024-10-12
Publishing Date
2022-12-02
 
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