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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.18.2013.tde-31072013-114421
Document
Author
Full name
Alice Kimie Martins Morita
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Carlos, 2013
Supervisor
Committee
Reali, Marco Antonio Penalva (President)
Pádua, Valter Lúcio de
Paz, Lyda Patrícia Sabogal
Title in Portuguese
Emprego de filtro de fibra flexível constituído de sisal e de polipropileno na clarificação de água para abastecimento
Keywords in Portuguese
Filtração
Filtro de fibras flexíveis
Polipropileno
Sisal
Tratamento de água para abastecimento
Abstract in Portuguese
Os filtros de fibra flexível são módulos de filtração recentemente desenvolvidos cujo leito é constituído de fibras de poliamida, o que permite a obtenção de altas eficiências de remoção de sólidos associadas a altas taxas de filtração. Este estudo objetivou avaliar o desempenho deste tipo de filtro utilizando-se como meio filtrante fibras flexíveis de sisal e de polipropileno. Com isso se buscou aprofundar o entendimento da técnica de filtração em leito de fibras flexíveis, além de propor e avaliar leitos com fibras diferentes daquelas citadas na literatura (constituídas de poliamida), neste caso fibras naturais (sisal) e fibras de polipropileno. A superfície das fibras em estudo foi analisada por meio de microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura e através de ensaios de solubilidade em ácido clorídrico e hidróxido de sódio, com a finalidade de investigar as características superficiais dos materiais filtrantes e sua solubilidade. Foram construídos 6 filtros com diâmetro interno de 28 mm e porosidade de leito de 93%, sendo 3 constituídos de fibras de sisal com comprimentos de leito de 25,60 e 100 cm, e 3 constituídos de fibras de polipropileno, também nos comprimentos de 25,60 e 100 cm. Em um segundo momento foi avaliado o desempenho de filtros constituídos de sisal nos mesmos comprimentos citados, no entanto com porosidade de leito de 85%. Foi utilizada para alimentação dos filtros água sintética com 8,19 ± 0,85 uT e 14,47 ± 5,25 uC e foi realizada coagulação in-line por meio da adição de 22,5 mg/L de sulfato de alumínio. Foram avaliadas taxas de filtração desde 5 m/h até 80 m/h no caso dos filtros do sisal com diferentes comprimentos e porosidades, e desde 20 m/h até 80 m/h no caso dos filtros de polipropileno. O limite de turbidez estabelecido para o filtrado foi de 1 uT. Puderam operar dentro do limite de turbidez estabelecido os filtros de polipropileno de 25,60 e 100 cm com taxa de 20 m/h e de 60 e 100 cm com taxas de até 80 m/h, e o filtro de sisal de 100 cm e 85% de porosidade com taxas de 20 e 40 m/h. Os maiores volumes de filtrado foram obtidos para filtro de polipropileno de 100 cm operando com taxa de 20 m/h, no entanto estes foram associados a maior perda de carga. Por outro lado, o filtro de sisal de 100 cm produziu menor quantidade de filtrado, porém com perda de carga associada consideravelmente baixa. Os melhores índices de filtrabilidade foram obtidos para o filtro de sisal de 100 cm de comprimento e 85% de porosidade de leito, o que indica seu potencial de aplicação, especialmente em ocasiões em que a carga hidráulica disponível seja restrita e a turbidez exigida do filtrado não seja demasiadamente baixa (inferior a 0,5 uT). Sugere-se a utilização de filtros constituídos de fibras de sisal como unidades de pré-filtração ou a construção de leitos com menor porosidade e maior comprimento de leito do que os utilizados neste estudo, caso se objetive aplicação em tratamento de água para abastecimento. Este estudo mostrou que é possível utilizar fibras de sisal e de polipropileno em filtros de fibras flexível, e a escolha dos diferentes tipos de fibras, comprimentos e porosidades de leito dependeria da disponibilidade no local, da qualidade do efluente exigida e da carga hidráulica disponível.
Title in English
Employment of flexible fiber filter made of sisal and polypropylene in the clarification of water to supply
Keywords in English
Filtration
Flexible fiber filter
Polypropylene
Sisal
Treatment of water to supply
Abstract in English
The flexible fiber filter is a filtration module recently developed whose filter media is made of polyamide fibers, what permits to obtain high solids removal efficiency associated to high application rates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of this kind of filter using as filter media flexible fibers of sisal and polypropylene. With this it was intended to deepen the understanding of the filtration technique using flexible fibers as media and to propose and evaluate filter medias made of fibers different from the ones found in the literature: natural fibers (sisal) and polypropylene fibers. The fibers in study were analysed by means of optic and scanning electronic microscopy and through solubility essays in chloridric acid and sodium hydroxide, with the intention to characterize the filtering materials and find if there are restrictions of their use. Six filters with 28 mm of intern diameter and 93% of porosity were constructed, three being made of sisal fibers with 25, 60 and 100 cm of length, and three being made of polypropylene fibers, with 25,60 and 100 cm of length, too. In a second moment three other sisal fibers were constructed and evaluated, with the same lengths studied before, but with porosity of the filter medium of 85%. The filtration system was fed with synthetic water with 8,19 ± 0,85 uT and 14,47 ± 5,25 uC, and in-line coagulation was applied by the addition of 22,5 mg/L of aluminium sulfate. In the case of the sisal filters, made of different lengths and porosities, rates from 5 m/h to 80 m/h were evaluated; in the case of polypropylene filters, rates from 20m/h and 80m/h were evaluated. It was established as the turbidity limit the value of 1 uT. The filters that worked within the established turbidity limit were the polypropylene filters of 25,60 and 100 cm for the rate of 20 m/h and of 60 and 100 cm for rates until 80m/h, and the sisal filter of 100 cm and 85% of porosity for rates of 20 and 40 m/h. The biggest filtrate volumes were obtained for polypropylene filter of 100 cm working with the rate of 20 m/h; however this one was associated to the biggest values of pressure drop. On the other hand, the filter made of sisal with 100 cm produced a smaller quantity of filtrate, but associated to a considerably low value of pressure drop. The best filterability indexes were obtained for the filter made of sisal with 100 cm of length and 85% of porosity, what indicates its application potential, mainly to situations when there is not enough hydraulic charge and when the requested turbidity of the filtrate is not too low (less than 0,5 uT). It is suggested that the filters made of sisal are used as pre-filtration units or that they are built with smaller values of porosity and/or with a longer filter length than the ones used in this study, in the case that water treatment application is aimed. This study showed that it is possible to use sisal and polypropylene fibers in flexible fiber filters, and that the choice of different types of fibers, lengths and porosities depends on de availability of materials in the local, on the required quality of the filtrate and on the available hydraulic charge.
 
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Publishing Date
2013-08-02
 
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