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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.17.2024.tde-26072024-142631
Document
Author
Full name
Marianna Angelo Palmejani Albacete
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Ribeirão Preto, 2024
Supervisor
Committee
Santos, Antonio Carlos dos (President)
Tumas, Vitor
Araújo Junior, David
Muglia, Valdair Francisco
 
Title in Portuguese
Caracterização clínica, genética e de imagem em pacientes com leucodistrofias
Keywords in Portuguese
Imagem por ressonância magnética
Leucodistrofia
Leucoencefalopatia
Substância branca
Abstract in Portuguese
As leucodistrofias constituem um complexo grupo de doenças que acometem a substância branca (SB) cerebral. Os aspectos clínicos, moleculares e de imagem são muito variáveis, tornando o diagnóstico um desafio. Avanços nos campos de imagem por Ressonância Magnética (RM) e da genética têm permitido a melhor caracterização dessas desordens raras. A RM de encéfalo é peça chave dos fluxogramas diagnósticos, inclusive orientando a realização de testes genéticos. O diagnóstico específico gera impacto para o paciente e sua família, com potencial de possibilitar tratamento específico, auxiliar no manejo dos sintomas, informar sobre o prognóstico e aconselhamento genético. Este estudo teve como objetivos: identificar os tipos mais frequentes de leucodistrofias observados na casuística; verificar os dados sociodemográficos, bioquímicos e genéticos; além de identificar os aspectos de imagem encefálica por RM dos pacientes com leucodistrofias. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo (2006 a 2019), no qual dados clínicos, sociodemográficos, genéticos e de imagem de pacientes portadores de leucodistrofias foram obtidos por meio de revisão de prontuários médicos e nos servidores do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP). As imagens foram avaliadas por dois médicos especialistas em neurorradiologia por meio do sistema Horos© e os padrões de acometimento da SB foram caracterizados de acordo com o algoritmo proposto pela iniciativa global de leucodistrofias (GLIA). Foram incluídos 53 pacientes, com média de idade (na coleta de dados) de 24,8±13,7 anos. A idade de início dos sintomas variou de 3 meses a 40 anos. Foram identificados 9 tipos de leucodistrofias, sendo a mais frequente Adrenoleucodistrofia (ALD-X) (40%; n=21), seguido de doença da substância branca evanescente (SBE) (24,5%; n=13), Doença de Krabbe (DK) (18%; n=10), Leucodistrofia Metacromática (MLD) (7,5%; n=4), Leucoencefalopatia Difusa Hereditária com Esferóides (2%; n=1), Leucodistrofia 4 H (2%; n=1), Xantomatose Cerebrotendínea (2%; n=1), Doença de Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like (2%; n=1) e Doença de Canavan (2%; n=1). Os sintomas, mutações genéticas e achados neurológicos foram dependentes do tipo de leucodistrofia. Contudo, declínio neurológico e motor, epilepsia e tetraespasticidade foram os sintomas mais frequentes. Mutações em diferentes genes foram observadas, com destaque para 4 novas mutações no gene GALC (c.1753G>T, c.1993G>A, c.1174T>C, c.673G>A e c.1630G>A) em pacientes com DK. Achados de RM do encéfalo revelaram anormalidades na SB desmielinizantes ou hipomielinizantes. Naquelas desmielinizantes, predominou a clássica apresentação confluente e simétrica, e os diferentes padrões de distribuição variaram com o tipo de leucodistrofia. Nas mais frequentes, houve predomínio posterior periventricular e profundo (ADL-X e DK); lesões na SB profunda com degeneração cística foram vistos em 100% dos pacientes com SBE; comprometimento difuso da SB periventricular em 100% dos casos de MLD. A DK apresentou diferenças relevantes entre os grupos de início precoce e tardio. Características adicionais, como realce, restrição à difusão, acometimento de estruturas da fossa posterior e atrofia também foram avaliadas. As leucodistrofias mais frequentes são a ADL-X, SBE, DK e MLD, predominando no sexo masculino. Características clínicas variam de acordo com a idade de início e o tipo de leucodistrofia, sendo os mais comuns distúrbios neurológicos, motores e epilepsia. Quatro novas mutações no gene GALC em pacientes com DK são observadas, além de mutações encontradas em diferentes genes de acordo com a leucodistrofia. Na RM cada leucodistrofia apresenta um padrão de distribuição das anormalidades da SB que auxiliam a estreitar os diferenciais. Estudos envolvendo dados genéticos, clínicos e de imagem são fundamentais para o melhor diagnóstico e tratamento de cada leucodistrofia.
 
Title in English
Clinical, genetic and imaging characterization in patients with leukodystrophies
Keywords in English
Leukodystrophy
Leukoencephalopathy
Magnetic resonance imaging
White matter
Abstract in English
Leukodystrophies constitute a complex group of diseases that affect the cerebral white matter (SB). The clinical, molecular and imaging aspects are very variable, making diagnosis a challenge. Advances in the fields of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and genetics have allowed better characterization of these rare disorders. Brain MRI is a key part of diagnostic flowcharts, including guiding the performance of genetic tests. The specific diagnosis has an impact on the patient and their family, with the potential to enable specific treatment, assist in the management of symptoms, inform the prognosis and genetic counseling. This study aimed to: identify the most frequent types of leukodystrophies observed in the sample; verify sociodemographic, biochemical and genetic data; in addition to identifying brain MRI imaging aspects of patients with leukodystrophies. This is a retrospective study (2006 to 2019), in which clinical, sociodemographic, genetic and imaging data of patients with leukodystrophies were obtained through a review of medical records and on the servers of the Hospital das Clínicas of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP). The images were evaluated by two doctors specializing in neuroradiology using the Horos© system and the patterns of BS involvement were characterized according to the algorithm proposed by the global leukodystrophies initiative (GLIA). 53 patients were included, with a mean age (at data collection) of 24.8±13.7 years. The age at onset of symptoms ranged from 3 months to 40 years. Nine types of leukodystrophies were identified, the most common being Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD-X) (40%; n=21), followed by evanescent white matter disease (EBS) (24.5%; n=13), Krabbe disease (DK) (18%; n=10), Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (MLD) (7.5%; n=4), Hereditary Diffuse Leukoencephalopathy with Spheroids (2%; n=1), 4 H Leukodystrophy (2%; n =1), Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis (2%; n=1), Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like Disease (2%; n=1) and Canavan Disease (2%; n=1). Symptoms, genetic mutations and neurological findings were dependent on the type of leukodystrophy. However, neurological and motor decline, epilepsy and tetraspasticity were the most frequent symptoms. Mutations in different genes were observed, with emphasis on 4 new mutations in the GALC gene (c.1753G>T, c.1993G>A, c.1174T>C, c.673G>A and c.1630G>A) in patients with DK. Brain MRI findings revealed demyelinating or hypomyelinating SB abnormalities. In those with demyelinating disease, the classic confluent and symmetrical presentation predominated, and the different distribution patterns varied depending on the type of leukodystrophy. In the most frequent cases, there was a posterior periventricular and deep predominance (ADL-X and DK); deep SB lesions with cystic degeneration were seen in 100% of patients with SBE; diffuse involvement of the periventricular SB in 100% of MLD cases. KD showed relevant differences between the early and late onset groups. Additional features, such as enhancement, diffusion restriction, involvement of posterior fossa structures, and atrophy were also evaluated. The most common leukodystrophies are ADL-X, SBE, DK and MLD, predominating in males. Clinical characteristics vary according to the age of onset and the type of leukodystrophy, being the most common. neurological, motor disorders and epilepsy. Four new mutations in the GALC gene in KD patients are observed, in addition to mutations found in different genes according to leukodystrophy. On MRI, each leukodystrophy presents a distribution pattern of BS abnormalities that help to narrow the differentials. Studies involving genetic, clinical and imaging data are essential for the best diagnosis and treatment of each leukodystrophy.
 
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Publishing Date
2024-07-29
 
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