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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.17.2023.tde-17112023-100426
Document
Author
Full name
Bárbara Yasmin Garcia Andrade
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Ribeirão Preto, 2023
Supervisor
Committee
Espreafico, Enilza Maria (President)
Ferreira, Carmen Verríssima
Reis, Eduardo Moraes Rego
Archangelo, Leticia Fröhlich
Title in Portuguese
Caracterização genômica e funcional do lncRNA RMEL3 em melanoma
Keywords in Portuguese
Apoptose
ENSG00000250961
Imunogenicidade
Inflamação
lncRNA
MAPK
Melanoma
Migração e invasão
PI3K
Resposta sérica
RMEL3
Via de HIPPO
Abstract in Portuguese
Os RNAs não-codificantes (lncRNAs) constituem uma classe de RNAs diversificados que nos últimos anos tem atraído grande interesse devido ao seu papel em diversos processos celulares fisiológicos e patológicos, como câncer, doenças inflamatórias e degenerativas. O lncRNA RMEL3 é enriquecido em melanoma, particularmente naqueles portadores da mutação BRAFV600E e com fenótipo marcadamente invasivo. No presente trabalho, detectamos pelo menos nove variantes transcritas do locus do gene RMEL3 (ENSG00000250961) expressas na linhagem celular de melanoma BRAFV600E A375, através da amplificação dos transcritos por RT-PCR, e ensaios 3'RACE e 5'RACE. Através de ensaios de hibridização in situ (RNA-FISH), demonstramos que transcritos RMEL3 são detectados no núcleo e citoplasma, apresentando uma ampla distribuição citoplasmática em células A375, SKMEL28 e WM902B. O silenciamento mediado por shRNA de RMEL3 reduziu as taxas de formação de colônia e proliferação e reduziu os níveis de fosforilação das proteínas efetoras ERK1/2 e AKT das vias MAPK e PI3K, respectivamente. O silenciamento de RMEL3 também levou ao aumento da apoptose nas células A375, o que foi consistente com a expressão reduzida da proteína antiapoptótica BCL2. Além disso, reduziu a capacidade migratória e invasiva das células A375, bem como a expressão de proteínas importantes que conferem o caráter invasivo das células. Com o objetivo de elucidar os mecanismos moleculares da função de RMEL3, validamos as proteínas ARAF, MST2/STK3 e FAM83D como ligantes de RMEL3 por pulldown seguido por western blot e imunoprecipitação de RNA complexado a essas proteínas. Para entender a influência de RMEL3 no programa global de expressão gênica em resposta ao soro em células A375, usamos sequenciamento de próxima geração em larga escala (RNAseq). No total, as células silenciadas apresentaram expressão alterada de 2370 genes (FDR p-valor < 0,05, log2 fold change < -1 ou >1), dos quais 804 genes apresentaram log2 fold change < -2 ou > 2, sendo 278 genes com expressão aumentada (log2 fold change > 2) e 526 com expressão reduzida (log2 fold change < - 2). A análise do enriquecimento de vias de genes regulados implica RMEL3 em vias de sinalização, como PI3K-AKT, HIPPO supressor tumoral, AMPK, ácido lisofosfatídico, adesão focal, apoptose e, curiosamente, várias vias imunogênicas e inflamatórias. Com os resultados deste trabalho, buscamos contribuir para uma anotação precisa do gene RMEL3 e elucidação dos mecanismos pelos quais as isoformas melanocíticas exercem suas atividades funcionais.
Title in English
Genomic and functional characterization of lncRNA RMEL3 in melanoma
Keywords in English
Apoptosis
ENSG00000250961
HIPPO
Immunogenicity
Inflammation
lncRNA
MAPK
Melanoma
Migration and invasion
PI3K
RMEL3
Serum response
Abstract in English
Non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) constitute a class of diversified RNAs that in recent years has attracted great interest due to their roles in various physiological and pathological cellular processes, such as cancer, inflammatory and degenerative diseases. lncRNA RMEL3 is enriched in melanoma, particularly in those carrying the BRAFV600E mutation and with a markedly invasive phenotype. In the present work, we detected at least nine transcript variants from the RMEL3 gene locus (ENSG00000250961) expressed in the BRAFV600E A375 melanoma cell line, through amplification of the transcripts by RT-PCR, and 3'RACE and 5'RACE assays. Through in situ hybridization assays (RNA-FISH), we demonstrated that RMEL3 transcripts are detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm, presenting a wide cytoplasmic distribution in A375, SKMEL28, and WM902B cells. shRNA-mediated silencing of RMEL3 reduced colony formation and proliferation rates, and lowered phosphorylation levels of the effector proteins ERK1/2 and AKT of the MAPK and PI3K pathways, respectively. RMEL3 silencing also led to increased apoptosis in A375 cells, which was consistent with reduced expression of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL2. In addition, it reduced the migratory and invasive capacity of A375 cells, as well as the expression of important proteins that confer the invasive character of cells. Aiming at elucidating the molecular mechanisms of RMEL3 function, we validated the proteins ARAF, MST2/STK3, and FAM83D as ligands of RMEL3 by pulldown followed by immunoprecipitation of RNA complexed to these proteins. To understand the influence of RMEL3 on the global gene expression program in response to serum in A375 cells, we used next-generation high-throughput sequencing (RNAseq). In total, silenced cells showed altered expression of 2370 genes (FDR p-value < 0.05, log2 fold change < -1 or > 1), from which 804 genes showed log2 fold change < -2 or > 2, being 278 upregulated (log2 fold change > 2) and 526 downregulated (log2 fold change < -2). Analysis of pathway enrichment of regulated genes implicates RMEL3 in signaling pathways, such as PI3K-AKT, HIPPO tumor suppressor, AMPK, Lysophosphatidic acid, focal adhesion, apoptosis, and, interestingly, various immunogenic and inflammatory pathways. With the results of this work, we seek to contribute to an accurate annotation of the RMEL3 gene and elucidation of the mechanisms by which melanocytic isoforms exert their functional activities.
 
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Publishing Date
2023-11-27
 
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