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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.17.2021.tde-06122021-151525
Document
Author
Full name
Juliano de Paula Souza
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Ribeirão Preto, 2021
Supervisor
Committee
Arruda Neto, Eurico de (President)
Osako, Mariana Kiomy
Camelo Junior, Jose Simon
Pinto, Marcelo Alves
Title in Portuguese
Expressão de microRNAs em trofoblastos infectados "in vitro" por vírus Zika e Chikungunya, e estabelecimento de um modelo experimental da transmissão vertical de vírus Chikungunya na gestação e lactação
Keywords in Portuguese
Chikungunya
Leite materno
microRNAs
Transmissão vertical
Trofoblasto
Zika
Abstract in Portuguese
No presente estudo investigamos dois aspectos pouco estudados dos mecanismos de transmissão vertical de vírus Zika (ZIKV) e Chikungunya (CHIKV) durante gestação e lactação. O ZIKV é conhecidamente teratogênico e capaz de infectar diversas células na placenta humana, inclusive trofoblastos, células intrinsecamente resistentes a infecções virais por vários mecanismos, que incluem a expressão de microRNAs (miRNAs) regulatórios de respostas antivirais. A susceptibilidade dessas células a ZIKV e CHIKV e o impacto das infecções na expressão de miRNAs da célula hospedeira foi estudado por sequenciamento de nova geração (NGS). O repertório de miRNAs em células infectadas permitiu fazer a predição computacional de vias negativamente e positivamente reguladas pelas infecções virais. Identificamos o fator de regulação de CREB3 (CREBRF) como alvo em potencial de diversos miRNAs positivamente regulados, o que tem impacto na indução de autofagia. A validação experimental foi feita pelo silenciamento com RNAs de interferência (RNAi) para silenciar CREBRF, resultando em impacto significativamente distintos nas infecções por ZIKV e CHIKV: a replicação de ZIKV aumentou, enquanto a de CHIKV sofreu redução, indicando que a regulação desses miRNAs pode ter efeito pró ou antiviral, dependendo de mecanismos de interação vírus-célula distintos entre os dois. Há diversos relatos de transmissão vertical de CHIKV, mas pouco se sabe sobre rotas e mecanismos de transmissão. No presente estudo foi desenvolvido um modelo experimental de infecção por CHIKV, usando camundongos fêmeas da linhagem BALB/c infectadas durante a gestação e lactação, o que possibilitou a confirmação da transmissão transplacentária em 8,4% dos fetos analisados, com indução de efeitos teratogênicos graves. Tendo em vista que a maior parte dos animais nascidos e amamentados por fêmeas infectadas por CHIKV sobrevivem, foi avaliado o perfil de resposta imune desses animais ao longo da vida adulta contra esse vírus. Os resultados mostraram que os camundongos amamentados em fêmeas infectadas têm resposta imune humoral e celular ativas contra o vírus na idade adulta. Mais importante, esses animais são mais resistentes à infecção experimental por CHIKV 90 dias após o nascimento, indicando que a resposta imune induzida pela amamentação é efetiva e de longa duração. Observamos que as glândulas mamárias das fêmeas infectadas são sítios de replicação para CHIKV, e que há a transmissão de antígenos virais para os neonatos via leite. Esses resultados são inéditos, e criam as bases para futuras investigações sobre mecanismos biológicos básicos da transmissão vertical de ZIKV e CHIKV, bem como para abordagens translacionais em gestantes e neonatos infectados por esses agentes.
Title in English
Expression of microRNAs in trophoblasts infected "in vitro" by Zika and Chikungunya viruses and experimental model of vertical transmission of Chikungunya virus in pregnancy and breastfeeding
Keywords in English
Breast milk
Chikungunya
microRNAs
Trophoblast
Vertical transmission
Zika
Abstract in English
In the present study, we investigated two unexplored aspects of the Zika virus (ZIKV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) vertical transmission mechanisms during pregnancy and lactation. ZIKV is known to be teratogenic and able to infect several cells in the human placenta, including trophoblasts, which are cells intrinsically resistant to viruses by several mechanisms. The expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate antiviral responses is very important to sustain this resistance. The susceptibility of these cells to ZIKV and CHIKV and the impact of changes in the expression of host miRNAs was studied by new generation sequencing (NGS) in this work. Using the repertoire of miRNAs in infected cells, we carried out computational prediction of negatively and positively regulated pathways during viral infections. We identified the CREB3 regulatory factor (CREBRF) as a potential target of several up-regulated miRNAs, what has an impact on autophagy induction. The experimental validation was performed by silencing CREBRF with interference RNAs (RNAi). Interestingly, we identified distinct impacts of CREBRF silencing on ZIKV and CHIKV infections: the replication of ZIKV increased, while CHIKV suffered a significant reduction in its genome replication. These results indicate that these miRNAs can regulate pro or antiviral pathways, based on the distinct virus-cell interactions between them. There are several reports of vertical transmission of CHIKV, but little is known about routes and mechanisms of transmission. In the present study, an experimental model of CHIKV infection was developed, using female mice of the BALB/c strain infected during pregnancy and lactation, which enabled the confirmation of transplacental transmission in 8.4% of the analyzed fetuses, with induction of teratogenic effects. Taking advantage that most animals born and breastfed by CHIKV infected females survive, the profile of immune response of these animals throughout adulthood against this virus was evaluated. The results showed that mice breastfed in infected females develop active humoral and cellular immune responses against the virus in adulthood. More importantly, these animals are more resistant to experimental CHIKV infection 90 days after birth, indicating that the response induced by breastfeeding is effective and long lasting. We observed that the mice mammary glands are sites of replication for CHIKV, and the transmission of viral antigens to neonates via milk occurs. These results will be very important for future investigations about the basic biological mechanisms of vertical transmission of ZIKV and CHIKV, as well as for translational approaches in pregnant women and newborns infected by these agents.
 
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Publishing Date
2022-01-11
 
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