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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.17.2023.tde-23102023-104755
Document
Author
Full name
Fábio Bonifacio de Andrade
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Ribeirão Preto, 2023
Supervisor
Committee
Cunha, Thiago Mattar (President)
Coimbra, Norberto Cysne
Cunha, Joice Maria da
Panissi, Christie Ramos Andrade Leite
Title in Portuguese
Papel do sensor de DNA citoplasmático, STING, no desenvolvimento e manutenção da dor neuropática induzida por cisplatina
Keywords in Portuguese
Dor crônica
Interleucina 6
Nociceptores
Quimioterápico
Receptores de reconhecimento de padrão
Abstract in Portuguese
A dor neuropática induzida por cisplatina (DNIC) é um efeito adverso comum experimentado por pacientes com câncer submetidos a terapêutica com cisplatina. Essa condição afeta a qualidade de vida e pode persistir mesmo após o término do tratamento. Associado a baixa eficácia das terapêuticas vigentes para o manejo da dor neuropática, a busca por novos alvos moleculares passíveis de intervenção farmacológica se faz necessária. Nesse sentido, evidências emergentes associam o envolvimento da disfunção mitocondrial com o desenvolvimento de neuropatia induzida por cisplatina; ademais, já foi demonstrado que a cisplatina provoca o escape citoplasmático de DNA mictocondrial (mtDNA) em células renais. Portanto, hipotetizamos que o dano mitocondrial induzido por cisplatina em neurônios sensoriais do gânglio da raiz dorsal (GRD) poderia induzir a ativação do estimulador de genes de interferon (STING). O STING é um sensor de DNA citoplasmático que reconhece dinocleotídeos cíclicos anormalmente presentes no citoplasma celular que podem ser produzidos em resposta a ativação do GMP-AMP cíclico sintase (cGAS). A Ativação de STING promove a ativação de fatores de transcrição que levam a indução da expressão de genes associados a citocinas inflamatórias, como intérferons do tipo I, fator de necro tumoral alfa (TNFα) e interleucina 6 (IL-6). Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a participação do STING no desenvolvimento e manutenção da DNIC. Inicialmente, observamos que o tratamento com cisplatina foi capaz de induzir o aumento de DNA dupla fita no citoplasma das células do GRD de camundongos, como indicativo de injúria mitocondrial. Além disso, a expressão de STING foi observada em diferentes populações neuronais do GRD de camundongos. Notavelmente, foi observado que camundongos incapazes de sintetizar STING (STING GT) submetidos a DNIC apresentaram redução da hipersensibilidade nociceptiva mecânica ao longo dos dias quando comparado a animais selvagens. De maneira complementar, camundongos selvagens submetidos ao modelo de DNIC associado a administração sistêmica de antagonista de STING (C-176) também foram protegidos. Adicionalmente, camundongos cGAS-/- foram similarmente protegidos contra o desenvolvimento de DNIC. Para determinar o tipo celular no qual a expressão de STING seria determinante para o fenótipo observado, geramos animais em que o STING foi seletivamente deletado em nociceptores. Interessantemente, estes animais também apresentaram redução da hipersensibilidade nociceptiva mecânica ao longo dos dias quando comparado a animais controle. A análise da expressão aumentada de citocinas revelou aumento tão somente de IL-6 no GRD de camundongos selvagens submetidos às injeções de cisplatina, mas não no GRD de camundongos STING GT. Nesse contexto, foi visto que camundongos IL-6-/- são também protegidos contra o desenvolvimento de DNIC. A cultura primária de neurônios sensitivos do GRD estimulados com agonista de STING, CAY10748, revelou expressão aumentada de IL-6 nestas células. Em conjunto, nossos dados mostram que o STING expresso em nociceptores do GRD de camundongos é determinante para o desenvolvimento da DNIC. Ademais, demonstramos que a ativação de STING em resposta ao tratamento com cisplatina ocorre possivelmente as custas da injúria mitocondrial com consequente escape citoplasmático de mtDNA e que a atuação de STING se dá através da indução de IL-6 nos próprios nociceptores. Em suma, nossos dados demonstram que o STING expresso em nociceptores desempenha um papel pró-nociceptivo no contexto da DNIC e representa um possível alvo a ser explorado para o tratamento da dor neuropática.
Title in English
Role of cytoplasmic DNA sensor, STING, on development and maintenance of neuropathic pain induced by cisplatin
Keywords in English
Chemotherapy
Chronic pain
Interleukin 6
Nociceptors
Pattern recognition receptors
Abstract in English
Cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain (CINP) is a common and serious side effect experienced by cancer patients receiving cisplatin treatment. This condition can impact quality of life and can persist even though the therapy is over. Associated with the low efficacy of current therapies for neuropathic pain management, the search for new molecular targets for pharmacological intervention is essential. In this context, emerging evidence associates the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction with the development of cisplatin-induced neuropathy; moreover, it was seem that cisplatin treatment can induce leakage of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to the cytoplasm in kidney cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that cisplatin-induced mitochondrial damage in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) could promote the activation of interferon gene stimulator (STING) to induce CINP. STING is a cytoplasmic DNA sensor that recognizes cyclic dinocleotides abnormally present in the cell cytoplasm which can be produced in response to the activation of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). The activation of STING promotes the activation of transcription factors that induces the expression of genes associated with inflammatory cytokines, such as type I interferons, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of STING in the development and maintenance of CINP. Firstly, we observed that cisplatin treatment was able to induce increased quantification of double-stranded DNA in the cytoplasm of mouse DRG cells, as an indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, STING expression was observed in different neuronal populations of mouse DRG. Notably, it was seem that mice lacking STING (STING GT) submitted to CINP showed a reduction in mechanical nociceptive hypersensitivity over the days when compared to wild-type (WT) mice. In addition, WT mice submitted to the CINP model and injected with systemic administration of STING antagonist (C-176) were also protected. Additionally, cGAS-/- mice were similarly protected against the development of CINP. To determine the cell type in which STING expression is necessary for the observed phenotype, we generated animals in which STING was selectively deleted in nociceptors. Remarkably, these animals also showed a reduction in mechanical nociceptive hypersensitivity over the days when compared to control group. Analysis of the increased expression of cytokines revealed an increase in IL-6 in the DRG of WT mice submitted to cisplatin injections, but not in the DRG of STING GT mice. In this context, it was seen that IL-6-/- mice are also protected against the development of CINP. Primary culture of DRG sensory neurons stimulated with STING agonist, CAY10748, showed increased expression of IL-6 in these cells. Taken together, our data show that STING expressed in DRG nociceptors of mice is necessary for the development of CINP. Furthermore, we demonstrated that activation of STING in response to cisplatin treatment id due to mitochondrial injury with the cytoplasmic scape of mtDNA and STING acts through the induction of IL-6 in the nociceptors. In summary, our data demonstrate that STING expressed in nociceptors plays a pro-nociceptive role for CINP and represents a possible target to be explored for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
 
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Publishing Date
2023-11-27
 
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