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Thèse de Doctorat
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.17.2008.tde-06052024-105832
Document
Auteur
Nom complet
Daniele Cristina de Aguiar
Unité de l'USP
Domain de Connaissance
Date de Soutenance
Editeur
Ribeirão Preto, 2008
Directeur
Jury
Guimarães, Francisco Silveira (Président)
Correa, Fernando Morgan de Aguiar
Canteras, Newton Sabino
Carobrez, Antonio de Pádua
Oliveira, Leda Menescal de
Titre en portugais
Envolvimento das neurotransmissões glutamatérgica e nitrérgica da substância cinzenta periaquedutal dorsolateral e do núcleo pré-mamilar dorsal na elaboração de respostas defensivas
Mots-clés en portugais
Comportamento defensivo
Glutamato
Núcleo pré-mamilar dorsal
Óxido nítrico
Substância cinzenta periaquedutal dorsolateral
Resumé en portugais
O óxido nítrico (NO), sintetizado pela sintase do óxido nítrico neuronial (NOSn), possui um papel modulador em reações defensivas, possivelmente facilitando a ansiedade. A NOSn está localizada em estruturas envolvidas com reações defensivas, como por exemplo, a substância cinzenta periaquedutal dorsolateral (SCPdl) e o núcleo pré-mamilar dorsal (PMd). Antagonistas de receptores NMDA (rNMDA) de glutamato e inibidores da NOS injetados intra-SCPdl produzem efeitos ansiolíticos. A exposição a estímulos ameaçadores induz a ativação de células produtoras de NO nesta região. A SCPdl recebe uma densa projeção do PMd, também envolvido com reações de defesa. Lesões bilaterais desse núcleo abolem a expressão de respostas defensivas durante a exposição ao predador. Pouco se sabe a respeito dos neurotransmissores envolvidos na mediação desses comportamentos pelo PMd, o qual também expressa receptores ionotrópicos de glutamato. Assim, o objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi de investigar a participação do NO e do glutamato na SCPdl e no PMd nas respostas defensivas. Para tanto, testou-se a hipótese de que a administração de inibidores da NOSn (7-nitroindazole, 7-NI, ou N-propil-L-arginina, NP) intra-SCPdl atenuaria as respostas defensivas promovidas pela exposição a um evento ameaçador inato, um gato. Verificou-se também, a hipótese de que o tratamento com AP-7 (antagonista de rNMDA) ou NP intra-SCPdl poderiam diminuir as reações comportamentais defensivas, além do número de células ativadas, bem como a ativação de neurônios NOSn positivos em regiões relacionadas com o comportamento defensivo após a exposição ao gato. A ativação neuronial foi verificada pela detecção da imunorreatividade à proteína c-FOS (IR-Fos) e a presença da NOS através da imunorreatividade à proteína NOS. Por último, testou-se a hipótese de que o tratamento com AP-7 ou NP intra-PMd atenuaria as reações comportamentais promovidas pela presença do gato. A exposição ao gato promoveu respostas defensivas que foram atenuadas pelo tratamento intra-SCPdl com inibidores da NOSn e com o AP7. Adicionalmente, houve aumento das células IR-Fos da SCPdl, no PMd e no núcleo paraventricular do hipotálamo (PVN), e aumento na porcentagem de células duplas (% duplas) marcadas na SCP e no PMd. O tratamento com AP-7 e com o NP intra-SCPdl atenuou a ativação celular na SCP e no PVN observada pela exposição ao gato, enquanto que houve aumento nas células IR-Fos e na % duplas no PMd. Além disso, observamos que o tratamento de AP-7 ou NP intra-PMd também atenuou as reações defensivas observadas pela exposição ao predador. Em conclusão, os resultados do presente trabalho sugerem que o antagonismo da neurotransmissão glutamatérgica e nitrérgica na SCPdl e no PMd pode atenuar as respostas comportamentais induzidas pela exposição ao predador. Além disso, a administração intra-SCPdl de AP-7 ou NP é capaz de reduzir a ativação celular promovida pela exposição ao gato nesta estrutura, sem alterar, ou mesmo aumentando, essa ativação em outras regiões relacionadas com o comportamento defensivo como o PMd.
Titre en anglais
Participation of glutamatergic and nitrergic neurotransmission in defensive behaviors modulated by dorsolateral periaqueductal gray and dorsal premammillar nucleus
Mots-clés en anglais
Defensive behavior
Dorsal premammillary nucleus
Dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter
Glutamate
Nitric oxide
Resumé en anglais
Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized by NO synthase (NOSn) and plays a role in defensive reactions, probably increasing anxiety responses. NOSn containing neurons are localized in different regions of the central nervous system related to defensive behavior such as the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) and the dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd). Glutamate antagonists and NOS inhibitors injected into the dlPAG induce anxiolytic responses. Exposure to an innate fear stimulus (live cat) induces defensive reactions and activation of NO producing neurons in this region. The dlPAG receives inputs from the PMd, which appears to be related to defensive reactions. Bilateral ibotenic acid lesions of the PMd virtually eliminate the expression of defensive responses. Little is known about the neurotransmitters responsible for the behavioral responses mediated by the PMd, which also expresses ionotropic glutamate receptors. The aim of this study was to verify the involvement of NO and glutamate neurotransmission in defensive reactions modulated by dlPAG and PMd. First, we tested the hypothesis that the injection of NOS inhibitors, 7-NI or NP, directly into the dlPAG would attenuate defensive reactions induced by exposure to a live predator. We also tested the hypothesis that the injection of AP-7 (glutamate NMDA-receptor antagonist) or NP into the dlPAG would attenuate the behavioral responses and cellular activation following exposure to a live predator. c-Fos expression was employed as a marker of neuronal functional activation whereas NOSn immunohistochemistry was used to detect the presence of NOS neurons. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that the injection of AP-7 or NP into the PMd would attenuate the defensive reactions induced by a live cat. Cat exposure induced fear responses which were attenuated by NOS inhibitors or AP-7 when injected into the dlPAG. The cat exposure increased cFos positive cells in both sides of dlPAG, PMd and in the periventricular nucleus (PVN). lt also increased the percentage of double stained cells (% DS) in the dlPAG and in the PMd. Pretreatment with AP-7 or NP in the dlPAG decreased the cellular effects induced by predator exposure in the dlPAG and PVN, while increased the number of cFos positive cells and % DS in the PMd. Moreover, pretreatment with AP-7 or NP into the PMd also attenuated the behavioral responses induced by live cat. These results suggest that inhibition of glutamate or nitric oxide neurotransmission in the dlPAG and the PMd can attenuate behavioral responses to threatening stimuli. Additionally, AP-7 or NP pretreatment in the dlPAG was able to reduce the cellular effects induced by predator exposure in this structure. These treatments, however, did no change and even increased the cellular effects in other regions related to defensive reactions such as the PMd.
 
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Date de Publication
2024-05-06
 
AVERTISSEMENT: Le matériau se réfère à des documents provenant de cette thèse ou mémoire. Le contenu de ces documents est la responsabilité de l'auteur de la thèse ou mémoire.
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