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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.17.2021.tde-04082021-124940
Document
Author
Full name
José Teles de Oliveira Neto
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Ribeirão Preto, 2021
Supervisor
Committee
Passaglia, Rita de Cassia Aleixo Tostes (President)
Bonaventura, Daniella
Quintana, Victor Hugo Aquino
Title in Portuguese
Estudo dos efeitos vasculares da infecção induzida pelo arbovírus Chikungunya
Keywords in Portuguese
Chikungunya
Disfunção vascular
Espécies reativas do oxigênio
Óxido nítrico sintase
Abstract in Portuguese
O vírus Chikungunya (CHIKV) é um arbovírus reemergente, cuja infecção causa doença febril associada a fortes dores nas articulações, mialgia e comprometimento cardiovascular. Embora a resposta imune ao CHIKV seja bem descrita, demonstrando a participação de diversas células do sistema imune, um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos de interação vírus-hospedeiro que afetam o sistema vascular pode levar a intervenções terapêuticas mais eficazes. Há evidências que a Chikungunya está associada a sintomas de bradicardia e hipotensão, além de outros efeitos cardiovasculares, incluindo a geração de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e produção de citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias. Considerando que a resposta inflamatória e o equilíbrio redox são capazes de interferir na homeostase vascular, foi testada a hipótese que a infecção por CHIKV compromete a função arterial por ações diretas em células vasculares e por mecanismos que envolvem estresse oxidativo. Foram utilizados camundongos C57BL/6J, machos, com seis semanas. Os camundongos foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais: 1) infectados com CHIKV e 2) Mock-veículo. Os camundongos foram infundidos com CHIKV (1,0 x 106 PFU) ou meio de cultura pela via intracaudal. A função vascular foi avaliada em anéis de aorta torácica usando um miógrafo para registrar a tensão isométrica. Células endoteliais (EA.hy926) foram infectadas com CHIKV (MOI 1.0). A produção de ROS foi avaliada por quimiluminescência com lucigenina e a expressão de proteínas, por western blot. Diferenças significativamente estatísticas foram consideradas quando p <0,05. Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais (CEUA) da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (171/2019). Os camundongos infectados apresentaram menor resposta vasoconstritora a FEN 48 horas (h) após a infecção (Rmax CHIKV = 126,8 ± 4,34*; Rmax Mock = 178,8 ± 5,04), que foi restaurada peloinibidor de NOS (L-NAME 300 µM) (Rmax CHIKV = 219,7 ± 10,66; Rmax Mock = 214,4 ± 6,81) e remoção do endotélio. Não houve diferença na resposta vasodilatadora à ACh (Rmax CHIKV = 88,22 ± 2,85; Rmax Mock = 85,37 ± 1,78). Aortas de camundongos infectados com CHIKV apresentaram aumento da geração de ROS [Lucigenina (RLU) - Basal: 88,6 ± 4,7; CHIKV: 163,7 ± 17,0]. A infecção por CHIKV aumentou a expressão proteica de iNOS e fosfo-NF-κB p65, porém diminuiu a expressão de NF-κB p65. Em células endoteliais, o CHIKV induziu a produção de EROs e aumentou a expressão da proteína endotelial ICAM- 1, relacionada a processos de ativação endotelial. Estes dados sugerem que o aumento da produção de EROs e expressão da iNOS, desencadeado pela ação direta do CHIKV em células vasculares, altera a sinalização de NO, promovendo ativação de células endoteliais e processos inflamatórios, com consequente disfunção vascular. Sendo assim, esse estudo fornece novas evidências para o envolvimento de disfunção vascular associada alterações nas vias ROS/NF-kB/iNOS/NO na patogênese de Chikungunya.
Title in English
Vascular effects of the infection by the Chikungunya arbovirus
Keywords in English
Chikungunya
Nitric oxide synthase
Reactive oxygen species
Vascular dysfunction
Abstract in English
The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a reemerging arbovirus, whose infection causes febrile illness associated with severe joint pain, myalgia and cardiovascular impairment. Although the immune response to CHIKV is well described, demonstrating the participation of several cells of the immune system, a better understanding of the mechanisms of virus-host interaction that affect the vascular system can lead to more effective therapeutic interventions. There is evidence that Chikungunya is associated with symptoms of bradycardia and hypotension, in addition to other cardiovascular effects, including the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) and production of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Considering that the inflammatory response and redox balance are capable of interfering with vascular homeostasis, the hypothesis that CHIKV infection compromises arterial function by direct actions on vascular cells and by mechanisms involving oxidative stress was tested. Male C57BL/6J mice, six weeks old, were used. The mice were divided into two experimental groups: 1) infected with CHIKV and 2) Mock-vehicle. The mice were infused with CHIKV (1.0 x 106 PFU) or culture medium via the intracaudal route. Vascular function was assessed in thoracic aortic rings using a myograph to record isometric tension. Endothelial cells (EA.hy926) were infected with CHIKV (MOI 1.0). The production of ROS was evaluated by chemiluminescence with lucigenin and the expression of proteins by western blot. Significantly statistical differences were considered when p <0.05. All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals (CEUA) of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School (171/2019). Infected mice showed less vasoconstrictor response to FEN 48 hours (h) after infection (Rmax CHIKV = 126.8 ± 4.34 *; Rmax Mock = 178.8 ± 5.04), which was restored by the NOS inhibitor ( L-NAME 300 300 µM) (Rmax CHIKV = 219.7 ± 10.66; Rmax Mock = 214.4 ± 6.81) and removal of the endothelium. There was no difference in the vasodilator response to ACh (Rmax CHIKV = 88.22 ± 2.85); Rmax Mock = 85.37 ± 1.78). Aortas of mice infected with CHIKV showed increased ROS generation [Lucigenin (RLU) - Basal: 88.6 ± 4.7; CHIKV: 163.7 ± 17.0]. CHIKV infection increased the protein expression of iNOS and phospho-NF-κB p65, but decreased the expression of NF-κB p65. In endothelial cells, CHIKV induced the production of ROS and increased the expression of the endothelial protein ICAM-1, related to endothelial activation processes. These data suggest that the increase in ROS production and iNOS expression, triggered by the direct action of CHIKV in vascular cells, alters NO signaling, promoting activation of endothelial cells and inflammatory processes, with consequent vascular dysfunction. Therefore, this study provides new evidence for the involvement of vascular dysfunction linked to alterations in ROS/NF-kB/iNOS/NO pathways in the pathogenesis of Chikungunya.
 
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Publishing Date
2021-08-09
 
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