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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.12.2023.tde-11092023-191838
Document
Author
Full name
Eduarda Fernandes Lustosa de Mendonça
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2023
Supervisor
Committee
Rugitsky, Fernando Monteiro (President)
Carvalho, Laura Barbosa de
Cunha, André Moreira
Schor, Adriana
Title in Portuguese
Ensaios em economia internacional
Keywords in Portuguese
China
Comércio internacional
Desigualdade
Economia brasileira
Estados Unidos
Medidas não-tarifárias
Abstract in Portuguese
A presente tese consiste em três ensaios que abordam os efeitos da relação competitiva entre Estados Unidos e China sobre a economia brasileira. O primeiro ensaio realiza uma contextualização histórica através de uma revisão da literatura, apresentando o estado da arte das discussões acerca dos desequilíbrios globais recentes, concatenando as trajetórias das economias chinesa, americana e brasileira. O segundo ensaio investiga a correlação entre as políticas protecionistas (via medidas não-tarifárias - NTM) bilaterais entre China-EUA com a inserção das exportações brasileiras nos dois países entre 2002 e 2018. Com um painel de efeitos fixos, foi verificado que as NTM's levantadas pela China contra os EUA em um determinado ano permitiram o aumento das exportações brasileiras para a economia chinesa em 41,6% no ano seguinte. Já as NTM's implementadas pelos EUA contra a China não surtiram efeito significativo para entrada das exportações brasileiras na economia americana. O terceiro ensaio analisa os impactos da inserção das exportações brasileiras nas duas economias sobre a desigualdade salarial (via índice de Gini do mercado de trabalho formal) do Brasil entre 2008 e 2018. Por meio de outro painel de efeitos fixos, foram constatados dois resultados: i) A desigualdade salarial é mais influenciada por desigualdades entre os trabalhadores de cada setor (intrassetorial) do que entre os setores em si (intersetorial); ii) O aumento das exportações aos EUA está correlacionado com uma elevação da desigualdade salarial local, ao passo que as exportações à China não manifestam variações significativas na desigualdade salarial local. Portanto, conclui-se que existe um efeito-transbordamento da disputa entre as duas potências e a inserção comercial do Brasil no mercado global, bem como impactos sobre a desigualdade salarial doméstica.
Title in English
Essays in international economics
Keywords in English
Brazilian economy
China
Inequality
International trade
Non-tariff measures
United States
Abstract in English
The present thesis consists of three essays that address the effects of the competitive relationship between the United States and China on the Brazilian economy. The first essay provides a historical contextualization through a literature review, presenting the "state of the art" of recent global imbalances discussions, linking the trajectories of the Chinese, American, and Brazilian economies. The second essay investigates the correlation between protectionist policies (via non-tariff measures NTM's) in bilateral relations between China and the US with Brazilian exports to both countries between 2002 and 2018. Using a fixed-effects panel, it was found that the NTMs raised by China against the US allowed for a 41.6% increase in Brazilian exports to the Chinese economy in the following year. On the other hand, the NTM's implemented by the US against China did not have a significant effect on the entry of Brazilian exports into the American economy. The third essay analyzes the impacts of Brazilian exports to the two economies on wage inequality (via the Gini index of the formal labor market) in Brazil in sectoral and regional terms. Through another fixed-effects panel, two results were found: i) Wage inequality is more influenced by inequalities between workers in each sector (intrasectoral) than between sectors themselves (intersectoral); ii) The increase in exports to the US is correlated with an increase in local wage inequality, while exports to China do not show significant variations in local wage inequality. Therefore, it is concluded that there is a spillover effect from the dispute between the two powers and Brazil's commercial integration into the global market, as well as impacts on domestic wage inequality.
 
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Publishing Date
2023-09-25
 
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