Tese de Doutorado

As micotoxinas podem ser transferidas para o leite, representando um risco à saúde pública. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar e quantificar as micotoxinas presentes na dieta e no leite de vacas leiteiras da região Sudeste do Brasil. Foram utilizadas cem amostras de ração total mista (TMR) e leite para a análise de múltiplas micotoxinas, empregando cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massa. As micotoxinas analisadas incluíram aflatoxinas (AFs) B<small>_1</small>, B<small>_2</small>, G<small>_1</small> e G<small>_2</small>, desoxinivalenol (DON), fumonisinas B<small>_1</small> (FB<small>_1</small>) e B<small>_2</small> (FB<small>_2</small>), ocratoxina A (OTA), toxina HT-2 (HT2), toxina T-2 (T2) e zearalenona (ZEA) na TMR, além de AFB<small>_1</small>, AFB<small>_2</small>, AFG<small>_1</small>, AFG<small>_2</small> e AFM<small>_1</small>, DON, de-epoxydeoxinivalenol (DOM-1), FB<small>_1</small> e FB<small>_2</small>, OTA, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) e β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) no leite. A AFB<small>_2</small>, AFG<small>_1</small>, AFG<small>_2</small>, OTA, T2 e HT2 não foram detectadas nas amostras de TMR. A AFB<small>_1</small> foi identificada em apenas uma amostra. Em contraste, as fumonisinas (FUMs) foram detectadas em 100% das amostras de TMR, enquanto ZEA e DON foram identificadas em 86% e 23% das amostras, respectivamente. Um percentual de 86% das amostras apresentou duas ou mais micotoxinas. Nas amostras de leite, 62% mostraram a presença de duas ou mais micotoxinas, enquanto 23% não apresentaram nenhuma micotoxina. No leite, as FUMs foram detectadas em 57% das amostras, enquanto α- ZEL e β-ZEL foram detectados em 49% das amostras, cada. O DON estava presente em 42% das amostras e a AFM<small>_1</small> foi detectada em apenas 14%, mas 78% dessas amostras estavam acima do limite regulamentar. Esses dados, juntamente com a presença de outras micotoxinas, ressaltam a preocupação com a concorrência devido aos efeitos aditivos e sinérgicos desses compostos. A presença de outras micotoxinas no leite enfatiza a crescente importância da prevenção da contaminação por micotoxinas na dieta dos animais, o uso de aditivos antimicotoxinas capazes de atuar contra diferentes tipos de micotoxinas e a necessidade de estabelecer regulamentações para lidar com as diversas micotoxinas presentes na dieta e no leite.

Mycotoxins can be transferred to milk, posing a public health risk. The objective of this study is to identify and quantify the mycotoxins present in the diet and milk of dairy cows in the Southeast region of Brazil. One hundred samples of total mixed ration (TMR) and milk were used for the analysis of multiple mycotoxins, employing liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The analyzed mycotoxins included aflatoxins (AFs) B<small>_1</small>, B<small>_2</small>, G<small>_1</small>, and G<small>_2</small>, deoxynivalenol (DON), de-epoxydeoxynivalenol (DOM-1), fumonisins B<small>_1</small> (FB<small>_1</small>) and B<small>_2</small> (FB<small>_2</small>), ochratoxin A (OTA), HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (ZEA) in TMR, as well as AFB<small>_1</small>, AFB<small>_2</small>, AFG<small>_1</small>, AFG<small>_2</small>, and AFM<small>_1</small>, DON, FB<small>_1</small> and FB<small>_2</small>, OTA, α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) in milk. AFB<small>_2</small>, AFG<small>_1</small>, AFG<small>_2</small>, OTA, T<small>_2</small> e HT2 were not detected in the TMR samples. AFB<small>_1</small> was identified in only one sample. In contrast, fumonisins (FUMs) were detected in 100% of TMR samples, while ZEA and DON were identified in 86% and 23% of samples, respectively. A total of 86% of the samples showed two or more mycotoxins. In the milk samples, 62% showed the presence of two or more mycotoxins, while 23% had no mycotoxins. In milk, FUMs were detected in 57% of the samples, while α-ZEL and β-ZEL were detected in 49% of the samples each. DON was present in 42% of the samples, and AFM1 was detected in only 14%, but 78% of these samples were above the regulatory limit. These data, along with the presence of other mycotoxins, highlight the concern with co-occurrence due to the additive and synergistic effects of these compounds. The presence of other mycotoxins in milk underscores the growing importance of preventing mycotoxin contamination in animal diets, using anti-mycotoxin additives capable of acting against different types of mycotoxins, and the need to establish regulations to address the various mycotoxins present in the diet and milk.