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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.11.2022.tde-07042022-155700
Document
Author
Full name
Gustavo Pompeu da Silva
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 2022
Supervisor
Committee
Moral, Rafael de Andrade (President)
Oliveira, Thiago de Paula
Taconeli, Cesar Augusto
Title in English
Frame by frame completion probability of an American football pass
Keywords in English
Machine learning
National Football League
R Software
Random forest
Abstract in English
American football is an increasingly popular sport, with a growing audience in many countries in the world. The most watched American football league in the world is the United States’ National Football League (NFL), where every offensive play can be either a run or a pass, and in this dissertation, it is the pass that matters. Not all pass plays in the NFL are created equal, many factors can affect the probability of a pass completion, such as receiver separation from the nearest defender, distance from receiver to passer, offensive formation, game score, among many others. When predicting the completion probability of a pass, it is essential to know who the target of the pass is. By using distance measures between players and the ball, it is possible to calculate empirical probabilities and predict very accurately who the target will be. The big question is: how likely is it for a pass to be completed in an NFL match while the ball is in the air? We develop a machine learning algorithm to answer this based on the aforementioned predictors. Using data from the 2018 NFL season, we obtained conditional and marginal predictions for pass completion probability based on a random forest model. This is based on a two-stage procedure: firstly, we calculate the probability of each offensive player being the pass target, then conditional on the target, we predict completion probability based on the random forest model. Finally, the general completion probability can be calculated using the law of total probability. We present animations for selected plays and show the pass completion probability frame by frame.
Title in Portuguese
Probabilidade de completar um passe no futebol americano quadro por quadro
Keywords in Portuguese
Aprendizado de máquinas
National Football League
Random forest
Software R
Abstract in Portuguese
Futebol americano é um esporte cada vez mais popular, com uma audiência crescente em muitos países do mundo. Nos Estados Unidos existe a National Football League (NFL), onde toda jogada ofensiva pode ser uma corrida ou um passe, e nessa dissertação o interesse está nos passes. Nem todas as jogadas de passe são iguais, vários fatores podem influenciar a probabilidade de completar um passe, como separação do recebedor para o defensor mais próximo, distância entre o passador e o recebedor, formação ofensiva, placar do jogo e vários outros. Quando se tenta prever a probabilidade de completar um passe, é essencial saber quem é o alvo do passe. Usando medidas de distância entre os jogadores e a bola, é possível calcular probabilidades empíricas e prever com alta acurácia quem será o alvo. A grande questão é: quão provável é um passe ser completado em uma partida da NFL enquanto a bola está no ar? Foi desenvolvido um algoritmo de aprendizado de máquinas para responder a essa pergunta baseado nos fatores mencionados. Usando dados da temporada de 2018 da NFL, foram obtidas probabilidades condicionais e marginais de completar passes, baseadas em um modelo de floresta aleatoória. Foi feito um procedimento em dois estágios: primeiro, calcularam-se as probabilidades de cada jogador ofensivo ser o alvo do passe, depois, dado que o jogador é o alvo, é prevista a probabilidade do passe ser completado baseado no modelo de floresta aleatória. Por último, a probabilidade geral do passe ser completado pode ser calculada usando a lei da probabilidade total.
 
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Publishing Date
2022-04-08
 
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