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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.106.2023.tde-01122023-152515
Document
Author
Full name
Cyro Assahira
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2023
Supervisor
Committee
Moretto, Evandro Mateus (President)
Branco, Evandro Albiach
Capobianco, João Paulo Ribeiro
Cunha, Paulo Roberto
Gay, Juliana Siqueira
Rojas, Diana Isabel Clavijo
Title in Portuguese
O nexo entre a democracia e o meio ambiente: a crise da democracia no Brasil e a degradação da Amazônia
Keywords in Portuguese
Democracia; Desmatamento; Amazônia; Crise da Democracia; Interdisciplinaridade
Abstract in Portuguese
Com a relativa consolidação de um arcabouço teórico em torno da democracia, diversos estudos foram elaborados com o intuito de compreender a conexão da democracia com a dimensão ambiental. A formalização da democracia do Brasil ocorre com a promulgação da Constituição Federal de 1988, acontecimento que resulta na implementação de um arranjo institucional democrático híbrido, em que as formas de participação social indireta coexistem com modalidades de participação social direta. A Amazônia se encontra no cerne dos debates políticos e socioambientais do país, assim, cada momento político tem implicado em diferentes dinâmicas. É possível assumir que desde o início do processo de democratização até os primeiros anos da década de 2010, ocorre um processo contínuo e incremental de avanços institucionais e conceituais nas políticas ambientais. De forma sintomática, entre os anos de 2004 e 2015 foi consolidada a tendência histórica de queda nas taxas de desmatamento na Amazônia. Este horizonte foi interrompido no ano de 2016 quando a democracia entra em uma condição de impasse. Em 2019, com o início da gestão de Jair Bolsonaro, os retrocessos democráticos passaram a ocorrer por diversas frentes, evidenciando um processo de crise democrática. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal: revelar evidências do nexo entre a democracia e o meio ambiente no contexto da Amazônia brasileira. Adotamos a perspectiva interdisciplinar como eixo organizador, interconectando análises conceituais e dados empíricos. A pesquisa se desenvolveu em três momentos. Primeiro, foram realizados debates teóricos sobre o conceito hegemônico de democracia, a democracia na América Latina e a democracia no Brasil, acessando componentes conceituais que conectam a dimensão democrática com a ambiental. Segundo, com a associação de debates teóricos e dados quantitativos da qualidade democrática, foi elaborado um modelo para acessar as conjunturas democráticas do Brasil entre os anos de 1988 e 2022. Terceiro, para cada conjuntura democrática, comparamos e analisamos estatisticamente a correlação entre a qualidade da democracia e as taxas anuais de desmatamento na Amazônia. Identificamos três principais conjunturas, com a crise da democracia se evidenciando no decorrer de duas fases (2016-2018 e 2019-2022). Nossas análises indicam que na crise da democracia, os desmatamentos na Amazônia avançaram a cada retrocesso democrático. Os resultados corroboram com a perspectiva de que o desmatamento da Amazônia é uma proeminente característica da crise da democracia no Brasil. Poucos estudos investigaram a importância da democracia na Amazônia e não existem estudos que traçaram o nexo quantitativo da democracia e o meio ambiente na conjuntura de crise da democracia. As discussões desenvolvidas nesta pesquisa indicam a condição democrática como um novo fator explicativo a ser considerado no desmatamento da Amazônia.
Title in English
The nexus between democracy and environment: the crisis of democracy in Brazil and the Amazon degradation
Keywords in English
Democracy; Deforestation; Amazon; Crisis of Democracy; Interdisciplinarity
Abstract in English
With the relative consolidation of a theoretical framework around the meaning of democracy, several studies were elaborated with the intention of understanding the connection of democracy and the environmental dimension, resulting in a multidimensional research field, which has presented different points of view according to the analytical framework adopted. The formalization of democracy in Brazil occurs with the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of 1988, an event that triggered the implementation of a hybrid democratic institutional arrangement, in which the forms of indirect social participation, focused on the choice of political representatives, coexist with modalities of direct social participation. The Amazon is at the core of the political and socio-environmental debates of the country; thus, each political moment of the country has implied in different socio-environmental dynamics for the region, with notable differences in the positioning of the State during the authoritarian and democratic period. It is possible to assume that from the beginning of the democratization process until the first years of the 2010s, institutional and conceptual advances occurred in environmental policy, generating favorable actions for environmental governance in the Amazon. Symptomatically, between 2004 and 2015, the historical threshold of falling deforestation rates in the Amazon was consolidated. This horizon was interrupted in 2016 when democracy enters a period of rupture. In 2019, with the beginning of Jair Bolsonaro's presidential mandate, democratic setbacks began to occur on several fronts, evidencing a process of democratic crisis. This research aims to reveal evidence of the nexus between democracy and the environment in the context of the Brazilian Amazon. We adopt the interdisciplinary perspective as an organizing axis, interconnecting conceptual analyses and empirical data. The research was conducted in three moments. First, we analyzed theoretical debates about the hegemonic models of democracy, democracy in Latin America, and democracy in Brazil, accessing conceptual components that connect the democratic and environmental dimensions. Second, with the association of theoretical debates and quantitative data on the quality of democracy, we developed a model to access the democratic conjunctures of Brazil between the years 1988 and 2022. Third, for each democratic conjuncture, we statistically analyzed the correlation between the quality of democracy and annual deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon. We identified three main conjunctures, with the crisis of democracy being evident during two phases (2016-2018 and 2019-2022). Our results indicate that in the crisis of democracy, deforestation in the Amazon advances with each democratic setback. The results corroborate the perspective that the degradation of the Amazon is one of the most prominent features of the crisis of democracy in Brazil. Few studies have teased apart the importance of democracy in the Amazon, and no such study investigated the quantitative nexus of democracy and environment in a conjuncture of democracy crisis. The discussions developed in this research suggest the democratic condition as a new explanatory factor in the Brazilian Amazon deforestation.
 
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Publishing Date
2023-12-11
 
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