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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.101.2023.tde-14062023-112946
Document
Author
Full name
Natália da Silva Nunes
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2023
Supervisor
Committee
Villa, Rafael Antonio Duarte (President)
Ferreira, Marcos Alan Shaikhzadeh Vahdat
Onuki, Janina
Wendt, Alexander
Title in English
Desecuritization of cannabis in the United States: drug policy reform from the ground-up
Keywords in English
Cannabis reform
Desecuritization theory
Drug policy
Prohibitionism
United States
Abstract in English
This PhD dissertation examines drug policies in the United States and explores its dichotomy between domestic and federal policies. Although marijuana is legal under some states laws, it remains illegal under federal law creating all sorts of hurdles, from taxing to banking to interstate commerce. The US has been the driving force behind the establishment of the international drug control regime and has historically been its main enforcer. However, as the failures of the punitive and prohibitive drug control paradigm, both nationally and internationally, became increasingly acute, the consensus around the model began to break. Popular support for reforms led to changes in the scenario, legislation painted the US map in green for recreational use of marijuana in now more than twenty states. To understand this process, we use the international security studies theory of Securitization and Desecuritization. This approach shows how discourse and the concept of threats shape security responses, in this case, how the states have dealt with drug issues. I ask: how the prohibition regime leader is now rearticulating the drug issue from securitization to Desecuritization? How is this process taking place? Who are the actors involved? What is the impact of the domestic policies on the federal ones? I explore in detail two case-studies: the state of California and the state of Texas, comparing how the drug issue is perceived and their laws were made. My findings show that the securitization process of drugs in the US was led by the government, top-down; while the Desecuritization process was mostly performed by civil society, from the ground-up. Moreover, I found that beyond American federalism and bipartisan system, marijuana reforms are possible due to public support, access to ballot initiatives and local leadership.
Title in Portuguese
Dessecuritização da cannabis nos Estados Unidos: Reforma da politica de drogas de baixo para cima
Keywords in Portuguese
Cannabis
Estados Unidos
Política de drogas
Proibicionismo
Teoria da dessecuritizacão
Abstract in Portuguese
Esta dissertacao de doutorado examina as politicas de drogas nos Estados Unidos e explora a dicotomia entre politicas domesticas e federais. Embora a maconha seja legal de acordo com as leis de alguns estados, ela permanece ilegal sob a lei federal criando todos os tipos de obstaculos, de impostos a bancos e comercio interestadual. Os EUA tem sido a forca motriz por tras do estabelecimento do regime internacional de controle de drogas e, historicamente, seu principal executor. No entanto, a medida que as falhas do paradigma punitivo e proibitivo de controle de drogas, tanto nacional quanto internacionalmente, se tornaram cada vez mais agudas, o consenso em torno do modelo comecou a se romper. O apoio popular as reformas levou as mudancas no cenario, a legislacao pintou de verde o mapa dos EUA para o uso recreativo da maconha em mais de vinte estados. Para entender esse processo, utilizo as teorias dos estudos internacionais de seguranca sobre securitizacao e dessecuritizacao. Esta abordagem mostra como o discurso e o conceito de ameacas moldam as respostas de seguranca, neste caso, como os estados tem lidado com questoes de drogas. Eu pergunto: como o lider do regime de proibicao esta agora rearticulando a questao das drogas da securitizacao para a dessecuritizacao? Como esta ocorrendo esse processo? Quem sao os atores envolvidos? Qual o impacto das politicas domesticas sobre as federais? Exploro em detalhes dois estudos de caso: o estado da California e o estado do Texas, comparando como a questao das drogas e percebida e suas leis foram feitas. Minhas descobertas mostram que o processo de securitizacao de drogas nos EUA foi liderado pelo governo, de cima para baixo; enquanto o processo de dessecuritizacao foi realizado principalmente pela sociedade civil, de baixo para cima. Alem disso, descobri que alem do federalismo americano e do sistema bipartidario, as reformas sobre a maconha sao possiveis devido ao apoio publico, acesso a iniciativas eleitorais e lideranca local.
 
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Publishing Date
2023-06-28
 
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