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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.100.2022.tde-17052022-140029
Document
Author
Full name
Viviane da Silva Carvalho
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2022
Supervisor
Committee
Colombo, Renata (President)
Honorio, Káthia Maria
Nolasco, Marcelo Antunes
Santos, Mauro Coelho dos
Title in Portuguese
Identificação e avaliação toxicológica dos subprodutos de desinfecção da clorexidina
Keywords in Portuguese
Biocidas
Cloração
Contaminantes emergentes
DBPs
QSAR
Abstract in Portuguese
O biocida clorexidina é amplamente empregado como desinfetante e conservante em diversos produtos de uso humano e veterinário e já foi detectado em sedimentos, águas superficiais e subterrâneas, bem como, em efluentes de estações de tratamento. Por ser uma base catiônica, a clorexidina tem potencial de interagir com o cloro usado durante o tratamento das águas convertendo-se à subprodutos de desinfecção (DBPs, do inglês Disinfection By-Products), os quais podem ser mais tóxicos do que a molécula precursora. Com base nisso, esse trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o comportamento deste biocida em meio clorado e avaliar a toxicidade dos eventuais DBPs formados. Para isso, foram realizados experimentos com uma solução de clorexidina a 5 mgL-1, a qual foi submetida a diferentes condições: concentração de cloro, pH, temperatura, tempo reacional e ausência/presença de luz. As análises das soluções foram feitas por HPLC-MS, com o uso de uma coluna Shim-pack XR-ODS II (100 x 3,0 mm x 2,2 m) e fase móvel composta por água e acetonitrila, ambos com 0,1% de ácido fórmico. Os testes toxicológicos foram realizados pelos modelos preditivos de Relações Estrutura-Atividade Quantitativas (QSAR) presentes na plataforma VEGA. Os experimentos de degradação mostraram que a molécula de clorexidina interagiu com o cloro formando 30 DBPs, sendo que alguns se formam em condições específicas, enquanto outros se formam em diferentes faixas de pH, concentração de cloro e tempo reacional. Constatou-se que tais variáveis (pH, concentração de cloro e tempo reacional) influenciam no comportamento da clorexidina e na formação dos DBPs, enquanto a temperatura e a presença/ausência de luz foram variáveis não significativas. A avaliação toxicológica dos DBPs da clorexidina por meio dos modelos preditivos mostraram que alguns desses DBPs podem apresentar efeitos de mutagenicidade, carcinogenicidade e toxicidade para organismos aquáticos. Destes 30 DBPs avaliados, destacam-se os DBPs 6, 8 e 17 que apresentaram atividade em muitos dos modelos preditivos e se formam em diversas condições de cloração. Contudo, muitos DBPs ficaram fora do domínio de aplicabilidade dos modelos, evidenciando a necessidade de mais estudos ecotoxicológicos acerca do biocida clorexidina e seus subprodutos
Title in English
Identification and toxicological evaluation of chlorhexidine disinfection by-products
Keywords in English
Biocides
Chlorination
DBPs
Emerging contaminants
QSAR
Abstract in English
The chlorhexidine biocide is widely used as a disinfectant and preservative in several products for human and veterinary use and has already been detected in sediments, surface and groundwater, as well as in effluents from treatment plants. As a cationic base, chlorhexidine has the potential to interact with the chlorine used during water treatment, converting it to Disinfection By-Products (DBPs), which can be more toxic than the precursor molecule. Based on this, this work aimed to study the behavior of this biocide in chlorinated medium and evaluate the toxicity of any DBPs formed. For this, experiments were carried out with a 5 mgL-1 chlorhexidine solution, which was subjected to different conditions: chlorine concentration, pH, temperature, reaction time and absence/presence of light. The analyzes of the solutions were performed by HPLC-MS, using a Shim-pack XR-ODS II column (100 x 3.0 mm x 2.2 m) and a mobile phase composed of water and acetonitrile, both with 0.1% formic acid. Toxicological tests were performed by predictive models of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) present in the VEGA platform. The degradation experiments showed that the chlorhexidine molecule interacted with chlorine forming 30 DBPs, some of which are formed under specific conditions, while others are formed in different ranges of pH, chlorine concentration and reaction time. It was found that such variables (pH, chlorine concentration and reaction time) influence the behavior of chlorhexidine and the formation of DBPs, while temperature and the presence/absence of light were non-significant variables. The toxicological evaluation of chlorhexidine DBPs through predictive models showed that some of these DBPs may have mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and toxicity effects for aquatic organisms. Of these 30 DBPs evaluated, DBPs 6, 8 and 17 stand out, which showed activity in many of the predictive models and formed under different chlorination conditions. However, many DBPs were outside the domain of applicability of the models, highlighting the need for more ecotoxicological studies on the biocide chlorhexidine and its by-products
 
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Publishing Date
2022-06-07
 
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