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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.91.2007.tde-30112007-113602
Document
Author
Full name
Carolina Barisson Marques de Oliveira
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 2007
Supervisor
Committee
Krusche, Alex Vladimir (President)
Lima, Ivan Bergier Tavares de
Piccolo, Marisa de Cassia
Title in Portuguese
O papel dos fluxos evasivos de óxido nitroso no ciclo do N nos rios Negro e Solimões (Amazonas) e na bacia do rio Ji-Paraná (Rondônia)
Keywords in Portuguese
Amazônia brasileira
Bacia hidrográfica
Efeito estufa
Ji-Paraná (RO)
Nitrogênio
Rio Negro
Rio Solimões
Abstract in Portuguese
As concentrações do gás óxido nitroso (N2O), um importante agente do efeito estufa, têm aumentado significativamente nos últimos cem anos. As razões para este aumento atmosférico de N2O se encontram parcialmente inexplicadas e esta lacuna ainda é mais grave em relação aos ambientes aquáticos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar os fluxos de N2O entre a atmosfera e as águas de alguns rios da Bacia Amazônica. As áreas de estudo estão localizadas na Amazônia Brasileira, nos estados de Rondônia e Amazonas. Os rios foram amostrados mensalmente, entre setembro de 2005 e fevereiro de 2006. A água dos rios foi coletada por meio de bombas de imersão, no meio do canal, a 60% da profundidade total, contada a partir da superfície. Para evitar o contato com o ar, as amostras eram colocadas em frascos de 2 L preenchidos com 60 mL de N2 . O método denominado headspace foi utilizado a fim de equilibrar o N2O dissolvido com o N2. Para transporte ao laboratório, 25 mL do gás resultante eram transferidos para dentro de frascos de penicilina selados. Amostras do ar atmosférico foram coletadas cerca de um metro acima da água e estocadas da mesma maneira. As concentrações de N2O foram quantificadas por cromatografia gasosa, em equipamento Shimadzu GC-14. Para calcular o fluxo evasivo do N2O utilizou-se o modelo teórico de fluxo difusivo. Em um setor da bacia do rio Ji-Paraná (até o município de Ji-Paraná), com uma área de drenagem de 32.793 km2, observaram-se fluxos de N2O anuais de 0,33.105 mol, resultando em uma emissão para a atmosfera de cerca de 0,46Mg N.ano-1. No rio Negro, com uma área de drenagem de 69.6808 km2, os fluxos anuais de N2O foram da ordem de 3,32.105 mol N2O, e a emissão de N para atmosfera de 4,64 Mg.ano-1. Nos 2.147.736 km2 da bacia do rio Solimões estes valores foram de 4,05.105 mol N2O.ano-1 e cerca de 5,67 MgN.ano-1, respectivamente. Comparados ao transporte de N pela descarga, estes valores representam uma fração muito pequena do ciclo deste elemento nas bacias de drenagem destes rios.
Title in English
The role of N2O evasive fluxes in the nitrogen cycle at the Negro and Solimões rivers (Amazonas) and the Ji-Paraná river basin
Keywords in English
Amazon basin
Greenhouse effect
Hydrograph basin
Ji-Parana
Negro river
Nitrogen
Solimoes river
Abstract in English
The concentrations of nitrous oxide (N2O), an important component of the greenhouse effect, have significantly increased in the last hundred years. The reasons for this atmospheric increase in N2O are still partially not explained and this uncertainty is worse in relation to aquatic environments. The objective of this study was to quantify fluxes of N2O from rivers of the Amazon to the atmosphere. The studied area is located in the Brazilian Amazon, in the states of Rondônia and Amazonas. The rivers were monthly sampled from September 2005 to February 2007. River water was collected with immersion pumps, lowered in the middle of the channel to 60% of total depth. To avoid contact with air, water was pumped into a 2 L graduated cylinder, from which the samples were taken with a 60 mL syringe pre-filled with N2. A headspace metodology was used to equilibrate the dissolved N2O with N2, within the syringe. The resulting gas sample was stored in evacuated and sealed 25 mL vials. Atmospheric samples were taken from one meter above the water column and stored the same way. N2O concentrations were determined within 15 days of collection on a Shimadzu GC-14 ?Green House Analyzer?. A theoretical diffusive flux model was used to calcule N2O fluxes. At the sector of the Ji-Paraná river basin constrained upstream from the county of Ji- Paraná, with an area of 32,793 km2, annual fluxes of N2O were on the order of 0.33 mol.year-1, which resulted in an emission to the atmosphere of 0.46 MgN.year-1. In the Negro basin, which encompasses an area of 69,6808 km2, fluxes were an order of magnitude higher, 3.33.105 mol.N2O.year-1, resulting in an annual emission of 4.64 MgN. At the 2,147,736 km2 of the Solimões basin, these values were, respectively 4.05.105 mol N2O and 5.67 MgN.year-1. Compared to the values of N exported in discharge, these fluxes constitute a small fraction of the nitrogen cycle in these basins.
 
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Publishing Date
2008-02-11
 
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