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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.76.1997.tde-17032014-173549
Document
Author
Full name
Walter Filgueira de Azevedo Junior
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Carlos, 1997
Supervisor
Committee
Mascarenhas, Yvonne Primerano (President)
Armelin, Hugo Aguirre
Arni, Raghuvir Krishnaswamy
Craievich, Aldo Felix
Garratt, Richard Charles
Title in Portuguese
Introdução à biocristalografia com o estudo estrutural da quinase dependente de ciclina 2 (CDK2) complexada com inibidores
Keywords in Portuguese
Biocristalografia
CDK2
Complexo com inibidores
Difração de raios X
Enzima
Abstract in Portuguese
O ciclo celular é controlado pela atividade das quinases dependentes de ciclinas (Ciclin-dependent kinases, CDKs). As CDKs são inativas como monômeros, e a sua ativação necessita da ligação às ciclinas, uma família diversa de proteínas cujos os níveis oscilam durante o ciclo celular, e fosforilação pela CAK (CDK-activating kinase) sobre um resíduo de treonina específico. As CDKs são capazes de fosforilar muitas proteínas que estão envolvidas nos eventos do ciclo celular, incluindo histonas e proteínas supressoras de tumores como pRb. Além da função de regulação positiva das ciclinas e CAK, muitas proteínas inibidoras de CDKs (CDK inhibitors, CKIs) têm sido descobertas, tais como p16, p21 e p28. Visto que, a desregulação das ciclinas e/ou alteração ou ausência de CKIs têm sido associadas com muitos cânceres, há um forte interesse em inibidores químicos de CDKs que possam ter uma função importante na descoberta de novas famílias de agentes anti-tumores. Vistoque, ATP é o autêntico co-fator da CDK2 este pode ser considerado como um "pseudo-composto líder" para a descoberta de inibidores de CDK2. Entretanto, há duas preocupações maiores a serem consideradas: composto contendo adenina são ligantes comuns para muitas enzimas nas células, desta forma, qualquer composto altamente carregado como ATP não será absorvido pelas células. Nós descrevemos aqui as estruturas determinadas por difração de raios-X da CDK2 em complexo com dois inibidores diferentes, descloro-flavopiridol (DFP) e Roscovitine. A estrutura do complexo binário CDK2-DFP foi resolvida por substituição molecular e refinada até um Rfactor=20,3% e a estrutura da CDK-2Roscovitine foi refinada até um Rfactor=18%. O descloro-flavopiridol é uma flavona com uma nova estrutura,comparável àquelas de flavonas polihidroxiladas. Estudos prévios mostraram que flavopiridol, um flavonóide, pode inibir cânceres de mama e de pulmão. O Roscovitine é um derivado de adenina e um potente inibidor de CDK2. A comparação das estruturas tridimensionais de CDK2-DFP e CDK2-Roscovitine com a de CDK2-ATP mostraram que o bolsão hidrofóbico de ligação de adenina tem a habilidade surpreendente de acomodar estruturas moleculares diferentes daquelas da ATP
Title in English
Introduction to bio-crystallography through the structural study of the kinase dependent of cycline 2 (CDK2) complexed with inhibitors
Keywords in English
Biocrystallogrphy
CDK2
Enzyme
Inhibitor complex
X-ray diffraction
Abstract in English
Cell cycle progression is tightly controlled by the activity of ciclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDKs are inactive as monomers, and activation requires binding to cyclins, a diverse family of proteins whose levels oscillate during cell cycle, and phosphorilation by CDK-activating kinase (CAK) on a specific threonine residue. CDKs are able to phosphorylate many proteins that are in volvedin cell cycle events, including histones and tumor suppressor proteins like the retinoblastoma gene product pRb. In addition to the positive regulatory role of cyclins and CAK, many negative regulatory proteins (CDK Inhibitors, CIGs) have been discovered, such as p16, p21, and p28. Since deregulation of cyclins and/or alteration or absence ofCKIs have been associated with many cancers, there is strong interest in chemical inhibitors of CDKs that could play an important role in the discovery of new family of antitumor agents. Since ATP is the authentic cofactor of CDK2 it can be considered as a "pseudo-lead compound" for discovery of CDK2 inhibitors. However there are two major concerns: adenine containing compounds are common ligants for many enzymes in cells, thus, any adenine derivatives may inhibit many enzymes in the cells: second, any highly charged compounds such as ATP will prevent them from uptake by cells. We report here the x-ray structures of CDK2 in complex with two different inhibitors, deschloro-flavopiridol(DFP) and Roscovitine. The structure of the binary complex CDK2-DFP was solved by molecular replacement and refined to Rfactor = 20.3% and the structure ofCDK2-Roscovitine was refined to Rfactor = 18.0 %. The deschloro-flavopiridol(DFP) is a flavone with a novel structure, compared to that of polyhydroxylated flavones. Previous studies have shown that flavopiridol, a flavonoid, can inhibit growth of breast and lung carcinoma cell lines. The Roscovitine is an adenine derivative and a potent CDK2 inhibitor. The two inhibitors are competitive inhibitors for ATP binding to CDK2 and bind to the ATP binding pocket ofCDK2. The comparison of the three-dimensional structures of CDK2-DFP and CDK2-Roscovitine with the CDK2-ATP shows that the hydrophobic adenine-binding pocket has a surprising ability to accommodate molecular structures that are different from ATP.
 
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Publishing Date
2014-03-26
 
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