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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.64.2009.tde-11122009-152455
Document
Author
Full name
Lucia Pittol Firme
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 2009
Supervisor
Committee
Abreu Junior, Cassio Hamilton (President)
Alleoni, Luis Reynaldo Ferracciú
Gonçalves, José Leonardo de Moraes
Laclau, Jean Paul
Melo, Wanderley José de
Title in Portuguese
Produção de madeira e elementos potencialmente tóxicos no sistema solo-eucalipto tratado com lodo de esgoto
Keywords in Portuguese
Eucalyptus grandis
Metais pesados
Nutrição mineral de plantas
Resíduo orgânico
Abstract in Portuguese
O lodo de esgoto aplicado em sistemas florestais pode aumentar a produção de madeira e manter a sustentabilidade do ecossistema. Porém, faltam pesquisas para avaliar o aproveitamento dos nutrientes do lodo e para definir um manejo adequado para sua aplicação ao solo usando complementação via adubo mineral, sem causar prejuízos ao sistema solo-planta pelos elementos potencialmente tóxicos que podem estar presentes no lodo. O objetivo do presente tratabalho foi avaliar os efeitos das doses de lodo de esgoto e das doses de adubos nitrogenados e fosfatados sobre a produção de matéria seca e a produtividade de madeira, aos 43 meses após o plantio, e os teores de Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni e Pb no sistema solo-eucalipto-serapilheira. Um experimento foi conduzido em área comercial da Suzano, em Itatinga - SP, aplicando 4 doses de lodo (0; 7,7; 15,4 e 23,1 Mg ha-1, base seca), 4 doses de adubo nitrogenado (0; 46,9; 95,1 e 142 kg ha-1) e 4 doses de adubo fosfatado (0; 27,7; 55,9 e 84 kg ha-1, P2O5) em delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x4x4 e com duas repetições. Devido ao baixo teor de potássio (K) no lodo, foi aplicado 175 kg ha-1 de K2O em todas as parcelas. Os teores dos elementos potencialmente tóxicos nas amostras de solo e planta foram determinados por ICP-MS (espectrometria de massa com plasma). Aos 4 e 34 meses após o plantio, as amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-0,10; 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m de profundidade. Os elementos foram extraídos das amostras de solo por solução de DTPA e por digestão com ácidos (HNO3 + HCl) em microondas. Os elementos potencialmente tóxicos foram extraídos das amostras de folhas, aos 4 e 43 meses após o plantio, das amostras de lenho e casca e das amostras de folha e galho das árvores colhidas aos 43 meses, e das amostras de serapilheira, aos 46 meses após o plantio, pela digestão com ácidos (HNO3 + H2O2) em microondas. A altura e o diâmetro na altura do peito (DAP) das árvores foram medidos aos 43 meses após o plantio para determinar o volume de madeira com casca. A aplicação dos fertilizantes minerais nitrogenado e fosfatado não alterou os teores dos elementos potencialmente tóxicos no solo e na planta. Os teores de Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni e Pb no solo e na planta aumentaram com as doses de lodo aplicadas. Além disso, também o acúmulo dos elementos na biomassa total (lenho, casca, folha e galho) e na biomassa total de serapilheira aumentou em função das doses de lodo. A aplicação de lodo aumentou a produção de matéria seca de lenho, casca, folha e galho, e combinado ou não com adubo nitrogenado e, ou, fosfatado, aumentou o volume de madeira com casca de 139 a 177 m3 ha-1, em comparação ao adubo NPK que produziu 150 m3 ha-1. O lodo de esgoto não causou a contaminação do sistema solo-planta. A dose 7,7 Mg ha-1 de lodo, recomendada pelo critério de N, reduziu a aplicação com adubo nitrogenado e fosfatado em 100 e 66 %, respectivamente, associado com aumento de 8 % no volume de madeira com casca, em relação ao adubo NPK convencional
Title in English
Wood production and potential toxic elements in a soil-eucalyptus system treated with sewage sludge
Keywords in English
Eucalyptus grandis
Heavy metals
Mineral nutrition of plants
Organic residues
Abstract in English
The application of sewage sludge in forest systems can increase wood production and maintain the sustainability of ecosystems. However, researches are lacking to evaluate the potential of nutrients occurring in the sewage sludge and to define adequate mangement systems for its application on soil using mineral fertilizer supplements without causing harmful effects on the soil-plant system due to potential toxic elements which may occur in this residue. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different sewage sludge doses and different doses of nitrogen and phophate mineral fertilizers on dry matter content and wood production 43 months after planting as well as on the Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni e Pb contents in the soil-eucalyptus-litter system. An experiment was carried out in a commercial area of Suzano, Itatinga, SP by applying 4 doses of sewage sludge (0; 7,7; 15,4 e 23,1 Mg ha-1, dry base), 4 doses of nitrogen fertilizer (0; 46,9; 95,1 e 142 kg ha-1), 4 doses of phosphate fertilizer (0; 27,7; 55,9 e 84 kg ha-1 P2O5), in a randomized block design, in factorial design of 4x4x4, with two repetitions. Due to low contents of potassium (K) in the sewage sludge, 175 kg ha-1 of K2O was applied at all plots. The contents of potential toxic elements in soil and plant samples were determined by using by ICP-MS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) After 4 and 34 months of planting, soil samples were taken in the 0-0,1; 0,1-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m layers. The elements were extracted from soil samples by using DTPA solution and digested with acids (HNO3 + HCL) in a microwave. Potential toxic elements in leaf samples, after 4 and 43 months of planting, in wood and bark samples and in leaf and branch samples of felled trees after 43 months, as well as in litter samples after 46 months were digested with acids (HNO3 + H2O2) in a microwave. The height and the diameter at breast height (DBH) of the trees were measured after 43 months of planting to determine the volume of wood with bark. After application of mineral nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer no changes in the contents of potential toxic elements in soil and plant were found. However, the contents of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in soil and plant increased with increasing doses of sewage sludge applied. Moreover, also the accumulation of elements in the total biomass (wood, bark, leaves and branches) and in the litter fraction increased as a function of the doses. The application of sewage sludge increased the dry matter content of wood, bark, leaves and branches and, combined with or without nitrogen fertilizer e/ou phosphate fertilizer, increased the volume of wood with bark from 139 to 177 m3 ha-1, compared to conventional NPK fertilization with a production of 150 m3 ha-1. Sewage slugde application did not cause a contamination of the soil-plant system. A dose of 7,7 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge reduced the application of mineral nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer about 100% and 66%, respectively, associated with an increase of 8 % of the volume of wood and bark compared to conventional NPK fertilization
 
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Publishing Date
2009-12-14
 
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