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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.5.2018.tde-26102018-143556
Document
Author
Full name
Carolina Rocio Oliveira Santos
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2018
Supervisor
Committee
Amato, Valdir Sabbaga (President)
Hiramoto, Roberto Mitsuyoshi
Camargo, Raphael Abegão de
França, Francisco Oscar de Siqueira
Imamura, Rui
Title in Portuguese
Uso da anfotericina B lipossomal e de outras drogas no tratamento de pacientes com leishmaniose mucosa: análise da experiência em um serviço de referência para o diagnóstico e tratamento das leishmanioses, 2000-2015
Keywords in Portuguese
Anfotericina B
Leishmania
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmaniose mucocutanea
Membrana mucosa
Abstract in Portuguese
Introdução: As leishmanioses são antropozoonoses que constituem um grave problema de saúde pública por apresentarem um complexo espectro clínico de manifestações e relevante diversidade epidemiológica. Aproximadamente 5% dos pacientes com leishmaniose cutânea não tratada adequadamente irão desenvolver a leishmaniose mucosa (LM). As principais opções terapêuticas disponíveis para esta apresentação da doença são os antimoniais pentavalentes, a pentamidina e as anfotericinas B. As formulações lipídicas da anfotericina B tem sido desenvolvidas na tentativa de melhorar a eficácia e a tolerabilidade das anfotericinas, entretanto, ainda há escassez de estudos que avaliem eficácia, dose e segurança da anfotericina B lipossomal (AFBL) no tratamento da LM. Objetivo: Relatar a experiência do ambulatório e da enfermaria de um hospital escola com medicamentos usados no tratamento da leishmaniose mucosa, comparando a eficácia e a segurança da anfotericina B lipossomal com as outras drogas. Métodos: Foram avaliados os prontuários de todos os pacientes do Ambulatório de Leishmanioses do Departamento de Moléstias Infecciosas e Parasitárias do HC-FMUSP com diagnóstico confirmado de LM e tratados no período de janeiro de 2000 a julho de 2015. Dados clínicos e epidemiológicos foram descritos, e também avaliados os efeitos adversos e os desfechos com o uso das principais drogas para LM. Resultados: Foram avaliados 71 pacientes com leishmaniose mucosa e um total de 106 tratamentos. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (60,6%) e da Região Nordeste do Brasil (50%). Observou-se associação de flebite (46,2%) e de tremor (30,8%) com o grupo que recebeu anfotericina B complexo lipídico e maior desenvolvimento de artralgia (16%) no grupo que recebeu o antimonial. Os pacientes tratados com anfotericina B desoxicolato apresentaram a maior taxa de insuficiência renal aguda (57,10%) em relação aos demais grupos de drogas. O grupo que usou antimonial pentavalente foi o único que desenvolveu alterações nas enzimas pancreáticas (28%) e alterações eletrocardiográficas (20%). Dos pacientes que usaram anfotericina B desoxicolato, 85,7% precisaram interromper definitivamente o tratamento, o que contribuiu para a pior taxa de cicatrização final (14,3%), enquanto a AFBL apresentou a melhor taxa (81,3%) quando comparada aos demais tratamentos, OR= 4,971 [1,829-13,508] (p= 0,001). O uso de itraconazol mostrou alta taxa de recidiva (63,6%). A dose média de AFBL usada no tratamento de LM foi 1907mg e 28,91mg/kg. Quando comparadas as drogas com a AFBL, a pentamidina foi a única que não apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante em relação aos desfechos de tratamento. Conclusão: A pentamidina e a AFBL mostraram-se, neste estudo, as melhores opções terapêuticas no tratamento da LM, sendo que a AFBL foi a droga com a maior taxa de cicatrização. Com base neste estudo e em outras experiências da literatura até o momento, o intervalo de dose compreendido entre 30 e 35 mg/kg é o que parece alcançar eficácia próxima a 100%. Sugerimos, portanto, uma dose cumulativa de 30 mg/kg para o tratamento da LM. Este estudo amplia a experiência com o uso do itraconazol e da pentamidina, e é o primeiro a descrever o uso da ABCL na LM. Apresenta, ainda, a maior casuística que conhecemos na literatura com o uso da AFBL, além de ser o primeiro estudo a compará-la com as demais drogas no tratamento da LMCRO
Title in English
Use of liposomal amphotericin B and other drugs for the treatment of patients presenting with mucosal leishmaniasis: analysis of the experience in a referenced institute for the treatment of leishmaniasis, 2000-2015
Keywords in English
Amphotericin B
Leishmania
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmaniasis mucocutaneous
Mucous membrane
Abstract in English
Introduction: Leishmaniases are anthropozoonoses that constitute a severe problem of public health as they present with a complex spectrum of manifestations and relevant epidemiologic diversity. Approximately 5% of patients with untreated cutaneous leishmaniosis will develop mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). The main treatment options for this presentation are: pentavalent antimonials, pentamidine, and amphotericins B. The lipid formulations of amphotericin B have been developed to improve efficacy and tolerability, however, there are few studies that evaluate efficacy, dosage, and safety of liposomal amphotericin B (LAB) for treatment of ML. Objective: To report outpatient and inpatient experience of a hospital school with medications used for treatment of mucosal leishmaniasis by comparing the efficacy and safety of liposomal amphotericin B with other drugs. Methodology: The medical records of all patients of the Leishmaniasis Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of the Hospital das Clínicas of University of São Paulo were assessed. The patients had diagnosis of ML and were treated between January 2000 and July 2015. Epidemiologic and clinical data were described, as well as adverse effects and outcomes of the main drugs for treatment of ML. Results: Seventy-one patients with ML and a total of 106 treatments were assessed. The majority of the patients were male (60.6%) and from the Northeast of Brazil (50%). There was an association of phlebitis (46.2%) and tremor (30.8%) to the group that received amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC). There was a higher development of arthralgia (16%) in the group that received the antimonial. Patients treated with deoxycholate amphotericin B presented with the highest level of acute kidney injury (57.1%) when compared to other drugs. The group who received pentavalent antimonial was the only one to develop pancreatic enzymes abnormalities (28%) and electrocardiographic abnormalities (20%). Within the patients who used deoxycholate amphotericin B, 85.7% had to discontinue the treatment, contributing to the worst healing rate (14.3%). LAB presented with the best healing rate (81.3%) when compared to the other treatments, OR = 4.971 [1,829-13,508] (p=0,001). The use of itraconazole showed high recurrence rate (63.6%). The mean dosage of LAB for the treatment of ML was 1,907 mg and 28.91 mg/kg. When LAB was compared to other drugs, pentamidine was the only one with no statistical significance related to the outcomes of the treatment. Conclusion: In this study, pentamidine and LAB were the best therapeutic options for the treatment of ML; LAB was the drug with better healing rate. Based on this study and other references in the literature, the dosage interval between 30 and 35 mg/kg appears to reach efficacy close to 100%. Therefore, our recommendation is the use of a cumulative dosage of 30 mg/kg for the treatment of ML. This study enhances the experience of itraconazole and pentamidine, and it is the first one to describe the use of ABLC for the treatment of ML. In addition, it presents the largest casuistic known in the literature with the use of LAB, and it is a pioneer in comparing this drug with other drugs in the treatment of ML
 
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Publishing Date
2018-11-01
 
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