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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.5.2016.tde-02022016-161807
Document
Author
Full name
Vitor Ramos Borges Viana
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2015
Supervisor
Committee
Vianna, Caio de Brito (President)
Leite, Weverton Ferreira
Lisboa, Luiz Augusto Ferreira
Monteiro, José Augusto Tavares
Terra Filho, Mario
Title in Portuguese
Trombose venosa profunda e tromboembolismo pulmonar no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica: pesquisa diagnóstica independente de suspeita clínica
Keywords in Portuguese
Embolia pulmonar
Revascularização miocárdica/cirurgia
Tomografia computadorizada por raios X
Trombose venosa
Ultrassonografia
Abstract in Portuguese
Introdução: O termo tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) engloba trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e/ou tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP). TEV tem sido considerado incomum após cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM), e Diretrizes recomendam profilaxia mecânica para todos os pacientes e acrescentar profilaxia com heparina apenas se o tempo de internação hospitalar for prolongado por complicações não hemorrágicas (Grau 2C). Objetivo: Pesquisar o diagnóstico de TEV no pós-operatório de CRM, independente de suspeita clínica, e analisar se os resultados podem contribuir para melhor definição das características clínicas de TEV após CRM. Métodos: Em estudo observacional, prospectivo, unicêntrico, 100 pacientes com doença arterial coronariana crônica realizaram tomografia computadorizada da artéria pulmonar (multidetectores-64) e ultrassonografia compressiva dos membros inferiores após CRM eletiva. Pacientes com alto risco para TEV foram excluídos. Resultados: Por livre escolha dos cirurgiões, 83 cirurgias foram realizadas com circulação extracorpórea e 17 sem extracorpórea. Em média, tomografia e ultrassonografia foram realizadas 7 ± 3 dias após a cirurgia. TEP isolada foi observada em 13/100 (13%), TEP e TVP simultâneos em 8/100 (8%), e TVP isolada em 4/100 (4%) pacientes, totalizando 25/100 (25%) TEVs. Entre as 21 TEPs, 3/21 (14%) envolveram artérias subsegmentares, 15/21 (71%) artérias segmentares, 1/21 (5%) artéria lobar e 2/21 (10%) artérias pulmonares centrais (tronco da artéria pulmonar e/ou seus ramos principais). Das 12 TVPs, todas foram distais (abaixo da veia poplítea) e 2/12 (17%) foram também proximais; 5/12 (42%) foram unilaterais, das quais 3/5 (60%) acometeram a perna contralateral à safenectomia. Nenhum TEV causou instabilidade hemodinâmica e nenhum deles foi clinicamente suspeitado. Conclusões: TEV é frequente e subdiagnosticado após CRM, talvez porque a maioria tenha localização distal e porque os procedimentos habituais desta cirurgia dificultam a suspeita diagnóstica. Os resultados enfatizam a recomendação de recentes Diretrizes que sugerem profilaxia mecânica para todos os pacientes, e ressaltam a necessidade de estudos randomizados para avaliar a relação de benefícios e os riscos de profilaxia farmacológica
Title in English
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in the postoperative coronary artery bypass grafting: diagnosis investigation regardless of clinical suspicion
Keywords in English
Myocardial revascularization/surgery
Pulmonary embolism
Tomography X-ray computed
Ultrasonography
Venous thrombosis
Abstract in English
Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE). Currently, VTE has been considered uncommon after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and Guidelines suggest mechanical prophylaxis and adding prophylactic heparin if hospital course is prolonged by nonhemorrhagic complications (Grade2C). Objective: To search VTE after CABG, independent of clinical suspicion, and to analyze whether the results can aid in better defining the clinical characteristics of VTE after CABG. Methods: In a prospective, observational, single-center study, 100 patients with coronary artery disease underwent computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (multidetector-64) and lower-extremity venous compressive ultrasound after elective CABG. Patients at high risk for VTE were excluded. Results: At the discretion of surgeons, 83 surgeries were on-pump and 17 off-pump. On average, tomography and ultrasound were performed 7 ± 3 days after CABG. Isolated PE was observed in 13/100 (13%) patients, simultaneous PE and DVT in 8/100 (8%), and isolated DVT in 4/100 (4%), totaling 25/100 (25%) VTEs. Of the PEs 3/21 (14%) involved subsegmental, 15/21 (71%) segmental, 1/21 (5%) lobar and 2/21 (10%) central pulmonary arteries. Of the 12 DVTs all were distal (below the popliteal vein) and 2/12 (17%) were also proximal; 5/12 (42%) were unilateral, of which 3/5 (60%) on the contralateral vein saphenous harvested leg. No VTE caused hemodynamic instability and none was clinically suspected. Conclusions: VTE is frequent and underdiagnosed perhaps because the majority is distally localized and because the ordinary procedures of GABG conceal the diagnostic suspicion. The results emphasize the current guidelines' recommendation suggesting mechanical prophylaxis for all patients and highlight the necessity of randomized studies to assess the risk/benefit ratio of pharmacological prophylaxis
 
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Publishing Date
2016-02-04
 
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