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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.47.2011.tde-02052011-141852
Document
Author
Full name
Adriana Guimarães Rodrigues
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2011
Supervisor
Committee
Silva, Ailton Amelio da (President)
Caramaschi, Sandro
Lomonaco, Jose Fernando Bitencourt
Silva, Marcos Vieira
Tiedemann, Klaus Bruno
Title in Portuguese
Habilidades comunicativas e a rede social de apoio de idosos institucionalizados
Keywords in Portuguese
Grupos de apoio
Habilidades na comunicação
Idosos
Institucionalização
Redes sociais
Velhice
Abstract in Portuguese
Este é um estudo descritivo e correlacional que teve, como objetivo, identificar e descrever classes de comportamentos da conversa de idosos institucionalizados, medir suas frequências de ocorrência e verificar suas relações com a estrutura da rede social e com o tipo de apoio que eles recebiam. Inicialmente, foi feita uma revisão da literatura científica para identificar os comportamentos envolvidos na conversa. Com base nesses comportamentos, foi elaborado um primeiro roteiro de observação sistemática, constituído por 19 comportamentos, e o teste de interação real planejada para coletar uma amostra da conversa com os idosos. Participaram da pesquisa 30 idosos institucionalizados que tinham, em média, 74 anos. Esses idosos fornecerem seus consentimentos livre e esclarecido para a coleta de dados. Durante dois encontros com cada idoso foram aplicados quatro instrumentos: entrevista, diagrama de escolta, teste de interação real planejada e escala de apoio social. A aplicação dos instrumentos foi gravada em vídeo. Utilizou-se o primeiro roteiro de observação para observar os comportamentos da conversa dos idosos, gravados nos vídeos do teste de interação real planejada. Este roteiro foi modificado com inserção de novos comportamentos. O segundo roteiro passou a conter 26 comportamentos (18 verbais e oito não-verbais). Este foi utilizado para verificar a frequência dos comportamentos identificados. Foram observados 343 minutos de conversa. Os comportamentos foram redefinidos e apresentados a seis juízes para avaliar a fidedignidade das definições e observações. Os juízes avaliaram, também, três tipos globais de habilidades comunicativas dos idosos. Os índices de concordância oscilaram entre 83% e 100%. As habilidades comunicativas foram avaliadas como boas, com algumas variações. A frequência dos comportamentos verbais e não-verbais variou entre os idosos e interferiram na duração da conversa com a pesquisadora. Por isso, eles foram classificados como idosos que dominaram o turno da fala, idosos que fizeram comentários amplos e idosos que fizeram pequenos comentários. Foram calculadas as correlações entre os tempos de duração das conversas e as habilidades comunicativas dos idosos. Os idosos que fizeram pequenos comentários foram menos expressivos não-verbalmente e apresentaram menos informações gratuitas. De maneira geral, a maioria dos idosos fez poucas perguntas e demonstrou excessivo interesse em falar de si e desinteresse pelas autorrevelações da pesquisadora, sugerindo dificuldades comunicativas. Os idosos possuíam, em média, 6,2 pessoas na rede, quantidade pequena quando comparada com as redes sociais relatadas em estudos da literatura científica. Ocorreram variações na quantidade de pessoas da rede social, no número de pessoas que os idosos trocavam apoio e no tipo e quantidade de apoio recebido. Os idosos que fizeram pequenos comentários, além de serem mal avaliados pelos juízes, tinham, em média, menos pessoas nas suas redes e recebiam menos apoio de interação positiva. Os coeficientes de correlação sustentam esta afirmação. As análises comparativas entre os grupos e as tendências desses coeficientes indicam que boas habilidades comunicativas estão relacionadas com uma maior quantidade de pessoas na rede social e mais apoio afetivo e de interação positiva. Portanto, estes resultados indicam a necessidade de programas de desenvolvimento de habilidades comunicativas para auxiliarem os idosos institucionalizados a conquistarem e a manterem uma boa rede social de apoio
Title in English
Communicative abilities and social care network of the institutionalized elderly
Keywords in English
Aged
Communication skills
Institutionalization
Old age
Social networks
Support groups
Abstract in English
This is a descriptive and correlational study that aimed to identify and describe the categories of behavioral speech patterns of the elderly who have been institutionalized, with its focus on measuring said behavioral speech and its frequency in relation to the social care networks and the type of care the institutionalized receive. A review of the scientific literature was initially carried out to indentify the behavioral patterns involved in the conversational abilites of the institutionalized. With this information, a systematic report of observations was made, including 19 behavioral patterns, and a planned interactive test to collect a sample conversation of the subjects. Thirty people participated in the research with a median age of 74. All thirty gave their full consent to take part in the research and release any information that might have been needed for the researchers. Two meetings were conducted with each person, where four types of analytical instruments were applied: interviews, the convoy of social support, interactive tests and also the social support scale (SSS). These tests were video recorded. The first reported video observations were used to identify the speech behavior of the institutionalized. This report has been modified by inserting newly observed behavioral patterns of the institutionalized. The second report contained twenty-six types of behavioral patterns eighteen verbal and eight nonverbal and was utilized to verify the frequency of these identified behavioral patterns. A total of three hundred and forty-three minutes of observed conversations were conducted. The behavioral patterns were defined and then presented to six analysts to evaluate the accuracy of the reported observations. The analysts also verified three general types of communicative abilities of the institutionalized. The rates of agreement concerning their communicative abilities varied between eighty-three percent and a hundred percent. The frequency of their communicative abilities was evaluated as good, with few variations. The frequency of verbal behavior patterns and nonverbal patterns varied between the institutionalized and interfered in the conversation between the researcher and the subject. Because of this they were classified into the following three groups: the subjects who dominated the conversation, the subjects who made considerable comments, and those who hardly participated. The length of the conversation and the communicative abilities of the subjects were calculated in a correlational form. The subjects who made fewer comments were nonverbally less expressive and showed less information willingly. Generally speaking, the majority of the subjects asked few questions and showed extreme interest in talking about themselves and was uninterested in listening to the researcher, making communication difficult. In median, the subjects had 6,2 people in their social network, which is considered relatively small when compared to the scientific literature. There were variations in the quantity of people in the social networks, and the number of people that the subjects exchanged support with, as well as the quality and type of support received between the three subject groups. Besides being poorly assessed by the analysts, the subjects who made the fewest comments had in median, less people in their social network and received less positive interaction support. The correlation coefficients supported this fact. The comparative analysis between the groups and the correlation coefficient made evident that good communicative abilities are related to the number of people in the social networks and the amount of positive care and interaction exchanged. Therefore, these results indicate there is a need for developing programs which focus on improving communicative abilities to aid the institutionalized to achieve and maintain proper social support networks
 
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Publishing Date
2011-06-30
 
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