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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.46.1978.tde-18032008-155515
Document
Author
Full name
Ivano Gebhardt Rolf Gutz
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 1978
Supervisor
Committee
Neves, Eduardo Fausto de Almeida (President)
Isolani, Paulo Celso
Melios, Cristo Bladimiros
Toma, Henrique Eisi
Weis, Carl Herrmann
Title in Portuguese
Estudos de adsorção e de equilíbrios no sistema cádmio(II)/piridina/cloreto. Desenvolvimento de instrumentação
Keywords in Portuguese
Adsorção eletroquímica
Complexos de cádmio
Constantes de estabilidade
Cronocoulometria
Equilíbrio químico
Instrumentação analítica
Polarografia
Potenciometria
Abstract in Portuguese
O presente trabalho começa por uma apresentação monográfica do fenômeno de adsorção, que dá acesso à bibliografia existente sobre o assunto. Numa extensa parte experimental desenvolveu-se um eletrodo de amálgama gotejante e um eletrodo de gota pendente mercúrio capaz de gerar gotas com área reprodutível dentro de ± 0,1%. Fez-se, também, a implantação da técnica da cronocoulometria, com os recursos disponíveis neste Instituto de Química. Realizou-se um estudo polarográfico preliminar onde se observaram diversos efeitos inibitivos sobre a reação de eletrodo do Cd(II), ligados á presença dos fenantrolino complexos de Cd(II) e de Fe(II), com participação de ânions. O sistema cádmio(II)/piridina/cloreto foi estudado potenciometricamente, tendo sido avaliadas as seguintes constantes globais de estabilidade βij = ‌CdpyiClj‌/‌Cd‌ ‌py‌ i‌Cl‌j (i, número de ligantes piridina, e j, de cloreto): β01 = 25,36, β02 = 96,0, β03 = 48,3, β04 = 65,8, β10 = 23,5, β11 = 550, β12 = 2600, β13 = 550, β14 = 1100, β20 = 690, β21 = 9740, β22 = 9400, β30 = 270, β31 = 3500, β32 = 37400, β40 = 8450, β41 = 54400. Para chegar às constantes de equilíbrio usou-se um processo iterativo de cálculo. As medidas foram realizadas com um eletrodo de amálgama gotejante, após comprovar-se que o eletrodo íon-seletivo de cádmio de estado sólido é inadequado para esta finalidade. Empregou-se um novo tipo de diagramas para representar a contribuição percentual das espécies formadas, em função dos dois ligantes. Estudou-se, através da cronocoulometria, a adsorção do sistema Cd(II)/py/Cl-, em diversas condições, fixando a concentração do metal e do cloreto e variando-se a concentração de py. Ficou estabelecido que a adsorção dos complexos é um processo competitivo com a dos ligantes. Há sempre um máximo de adsorção na faixa de 0,1 a 0,5 M de py. Encontraram-se evidências de que as espécies mistas neutras são preferencialmente adsorvidas.
Title in English
Adsorption and equilibrium studies of the cadmium(II)/pyridine/chloride system; development of instrumentation
Keywords in English
Analytical instrumentation
Cadmium complexes
Chemical equilibrium
Chronocoulometric
Electrochemical adsorption
Polarography
Potenciometric
Stability constants
Abstract in English
The present thesis starts with the monographic discussion of the adsorption phenomena, with several references. There is an extensive experimental part referred to the development of a simple dropping amalgam electrode, a hanging mercury drop electrode whose area is reproductible within 0,1%, and the introduction of the double step chronocoulometric method w1th the resources of this Chemistry Institute, was done. In a preliminary polarographic study, several inhibiting effects on the Cd(II) electrode reaction, due to the presence of cadmium(II) and iron(II) complexes of phen participation of some anions has been observed. A potentiometric study of the cadmium(II)/pyridine//chloride system lead to the evaluation of the overall stability, βij = ‌CdpyiClj‌/‌Cd‌ ‌py‌ i‌Cl‌j (i, number of py ligands and j of chloride ones): β01 = 25,36, β02 = 96,0, β03 = 48,3, β04 = 65,8, β10 = 23,5, β11 = 550, β12 = 2600, β13 = 550, β14 = 1100, β20 = 690, β21 = 9740, β22 = 9400, β30 = 270, β31 = 3500, β32 = 37400, β40 = 8450, β41 = 54400. To obtain the equilibrium constants from the experimental data, an iterative calculation process was used. The measurements has been made with an amalgam electrode, after unsucessfull tests with a solid state cadmium ion selective electrode. A new type of diagram was used to present the percent distribution of the species with the change in the concentration of the ligands, in substitution to the predominance area diagram. In add1tion, the chronocoulometric study of the Cd(II)/ /py/Cl- system was done at several experimental conditions, by fixing the concentration of the metal and the chloride, and changing in wide extension the pyridine concentration. The adsorption of the complexes is a competitive process with the free ligands, and allways exhibits a maxima between .1 and .5M pyridine. There are strong evidences indicating that the neutral mixed species are preferabbly adsorbed.
 
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Publishing Date
2008-03-20
 
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