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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.41.2019.tde-27082019-100610
Document
Author
Full name
Luiz Gustavo Dufner de Almeida
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2019
Supervisor
Committee
Haddad, Luciana Amaral (President)
Asprino, Paula Fontes
Achatz, Maria Isabel Alves de Souza Waddington
Krepischi, Ana Cristina Victorino
Santos, Andrea Laurato Sertie
Title in English
Mutational and functional study of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 and 2 genes (TSC1 and TSC2)
Keywords in English
Functional study
Transcriptome
TSC1 gene
TSC2 gene
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Abstract in English
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by pathogenic variants in either TSC1 or TSC2 tumor suppressor genes. It affects more often the brain, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, and retina. The protein products of both genes, TSC1 (hamartin) and TSC2 (tuberin), interact, assembling a complex that inhibits mTORC1. Cells with bi-allelic inactivation of either TSC1 or TSC2 genes present hyperactivation of mTORC1, which phosphorylates downstream targets, up-regulating cell proliferation and growth. Moreover, a functional role as heat-shock protein (HSP) co-chaperone has been assigned to TSC1 protein. The first aim of the thesis was to analyze the nature, distribution and functional effects of TSC1 and TSC2 DNA variants from 100 patients with definite clinical diagnosis of TSC. We analyzed leukocyte DNA of 115 TSC patients from three Brazilian tertiary referral hospitals. Pathogenic DNA variants were detected in 99 (86,09%) unrelated individuals; 17 (17,17%) in TSC1 and 82 (82,82%) in TSC2. Clear loss-of-function mutations were detected in 87 patients, of which frameshift (29.29%) and nonsense (29.29%) variants were the most common types. In- frame deletions, missense and putative splicing DNA variants with uncertain clinical significance (VUS) have been functionally assessed. Five variants significantly increased phosphorylation of the reporter residue S6K Thr 389 . Forty-one novel pathogenic DNA variants and 19 novel single nucleotide variants have been detected. Among the 11 individuals with no mutation identified, seven presented rare putative missense, splicing or in- frame deletion DNA VUS. To understand the regulatory relationship of TSC1/2 gene expression, we aimed to evaluate TSC1 and TSC2 mRNA and protein levels in human cell lines with bi-allelic inactivation of each gene. We employed high throughput transcriptome analysis (RNA-Seq) and Western blotting of HEK293T and other six HEK293T-derived cell lines that had the genomic sequence of the TSC1 and or TSC2 genes edited by the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-CAS9 system. In lack of either TSC1 or TSC2 protein, a significant reduction of the respective mRNA was observed, inferring no positive transcriptional feedback. Serum-deprived cell lines without TSC1 decreased TSC2 mRNA levels. Under these conditions, TSC1 mRNA levels were not negatively affected by the lack of TSC2. In one cell line with loss of TSC1 (1C2) TSC1/2 mRNA and TSC2 protein levels were consistently decreased independently on serum. RNA-Seq gene ontology analyses comparing 1C2 to HEK293T reference cell line disclosed down-regulation of translational pathways independently on serum; and up-regulation of protein folding and stability pathways upon serum withdrawal. Our data are consistent with the role of TSC1 as HSP co-chaperone, and suggest that TSC1 mRNA may be regulated at both transcriptional and decay levels
Title in Portuguese
Estudo mutacional e funcional dos genes 1 e 2 do Complexo da Esclerose Tuberosa (TSC1 e TSC2)
Keywords in Portuguese
Complexo da esclerose tuberosa
Estudo funcional
Gene TSC1
Gene TSC2
Transcriptoma
Abstract in Portuguese
O complexo de esclerose tuberosa (TSC) é um distúrbio autossômico dominante causado por variantes patogênicas em um de dois genes supressores de tumor TSC1 ou TSC2. Afeta mais frequentemente o cérebro, a pele, os rins, o coração, os pulmões e a retina. Os produtos proteicos de ambos os genes, TSC1 (hamartina) e TSC2 (tuberina), interagem formando um complexo que inibe o mTORC1. As células com inactivação bi- alélica dos genes TSC1 ou TSC2 apresentam hiperactivação de mTORC1, que fosforila alvos a jusante, regulando positivamente a proliferação e o crescimento celular. Além disso, o papel funcional da co-chaperona da proteína de choque térmico (HSP) foi atribuído à proteína TSC1. O primeiro objetivo dessa tese foi analisar a natureza, distribuição e os efeitos funcionais das variantes de DNA de TSC1 e TSC2 de 100 pacientes com diagnóstico clínico definitivo de TSC. Analisamos o DNA de leucócitos de 115 pacientes com TSC de três hospitais brasileiros de referência. Variantes de DNA patogênico foram detectadas em 99 (86,09%) indivíduos não relacionados; 17 (17,17%) em TSC1 e 82 (82,82%) em TSC2. Mutações de perda de função foram detectadas em 87 pacientes, dos quais as variantes frameshift (29,29%) e nonsense (29,29%) foram os tipos mais comuns. Deleções in-frame, variantes missense e variantes de splicing com significância clínica incerta (VUS) foram avaliadas funcionalmente. Cinco variantes aumentaram significativamente a fosforilação do resíduo repórter S6K Thr 389 . Quarenta e uma novas variantes de DNA patogênico e 19 novas variantes de nucleotídeo único foram detectadas. Entre os 11 indivíduos sem mutação identificada, sete apresentaram variantes raras missense, splicing ou deleções in-frame do tipo VUS. Para entender a relação regulatória da expressão do gene TSC1/2, tivemos com segundo objetivo avaliar os níveis de mRNA e proteína de TSC1 e TSC2 em linhagens de células humanas com inativação bi-alélica de cada gene. Empregamos uma análise de transcriptoma de alto rendimento (RNA-Seq) e Western blotting de HEK293T e outras seis linhagens celulares derivadas de HEK293T que possuíam a sequência genomica dos genes TSC1 e/ou TSC2 editados por CRISPR- CAS9. Na falta da proteína TSC1 ou TSC2, foi observada uma redução significativa do respectivo mRNA, inferindo ausência de feedback transcricional positivo. Linhagens celulares privadas de soro TSC1 -/- diminuíram os níveis de mRNA de TSC2. Sob estas condições, os níveis de mRNA de TSC1 não foram afetados negativamente pela falta de TSC2. Numa linhagem celular com a perda de TSC1 (1C2), os RNAm de TSC1/2 e os níveis de proteína de TSC2 foram consistentemente diminuídos independentemente no soro. Análise de RNA-Seq comparando a linhagens celular de 1C2 com a referência HEK293T revelou uma regulação negativa de vias de tradução independentemente no soro; e supra-regulação das vias de enrolamento e estabilidade das proteínas após a retirada do soro. Nossos dados são consistentes com o papel do TSC1 como co-chaperona de HSP, e sugerem que o mRNA de TSC1 pode ser regulador nos níveis de transcrição
 
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Publishing Date
2019-09-02
 
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