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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.3.2010.tde-20082010-163925
Document
Author
Full name
Cássia Alves de Freitas
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Paulo, 2010
Supervisor
Committee
Demarquette, Nicole Raymonde (President)
Fechine, Guilhermino José Macedo
Santos, Amilton Martins dos
Valenzuela Díaz, Francisco Rolando
Valera, Ticiane Sanches
Title in Portuguese
Nanocompósitos poliméricos de poli (tereftalato de butileno) - PBT.
Keywords in Portuguese
Nanocompósitos
Polímeros
Tenacificação
Abstract in Portuguese
Neste trabalho, nanocompósitos de PBT, poli(tereftalato de butileno) e argila brasileira montmorilonita (MMT) modificada organicamente, foram obtidos com e sem agente tenacificante. Sais quaternários de amônio e fosfônio com estruturas químicas diferentes foram utilizados para modificar as argilas. Nanocompósitos de PBT com argilas comerciais, dos Estados Unidos, modificadas com de sais de amônio, foram obtidos para comparação das propriedades. As argilas e os polímeros foram misturados utilizando um misturador e uma extrusora dupla rosca, acoplados a um reômetro de torque. A qualidade da troca catiônica foi avaliada por difração de Raios-X (XRD), inchamento em solventes e análises termogravimétricas (TGA). O estado das argilas modificadas (OMMT) na matriz de PBT foi avaliado por XRD, microscopia ótica e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (TEM). A dispersão do agente tenacificante foi avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM). As propriedades mecânicas e de flamabilidade também foram avaliadas. Os resultados de flamabilidade foram explicados com ensaios de (TGA). Os resultados de espaçamento basal obtidos por XRD e inchamento em solventes foram dependentes da arquitetura do sal quaternário utilizado. Os espaçamentos basais ficaram maiores para os sais quaternários de longas cadeias alquílicas. Entretanto, o sal quaternário em excesso não foi eliminado na lavagem. A maior estabilidade térmica foi obtida com sais quaternários de fosfônio. Após a adição ao PBT, foi observado que a adição da argila organofílica na matriz polimérica não contribuiu para a significativa melhora das propriedades mecânicas que, em alguns casos, foram inferiores àquelas do PBT. Entretanto, a retardância a chama apresentou melhores resultados na presença de argila organofílica, sendo ainda melhores apenas na presença de sais quaternários de fosfônio. No sentido de melhorar as propriedades de flamabilidade do PBT sem perder em propriedades mecânicas, utilizou-se o agente tenacificante P(E-co-MA-co-GMA), copolímero etileno acrilato de metila metacrilato de glicidila. Desta forma, foram preservadas as propriedades mecânicas e retardância à chama.
Title in English
Polymer nanocomposites of poly (butylene terephthalate) - PBT.
Keywords in English
Nanocomposites
Polymers
Toughening
Abstract in English
In this work, nanocomposites of PBT, poly (butylene terephthalate) and Brazilian clay montmorillonite (MMT) organically modified were obtained with and without further addition of toughening agent. Quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts with different chemical structures were used to organically modify the clays. PBT nanocomposites with commercial organoclays were also obtained for comparison. The materials were mixed using a mixer and a twin screw, coupled to a torque rheometer. The efficiency of cation exchange was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), swelling and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The dispersion of PBT with modified clay (OMMT) was evaluated by XRD, optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The toughness dispersion was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The flammability and mechanical properties were also evaluated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the OMMTs and PBT / OMMTs was also studied. The basal spacing obtained from XRD analysis were shown to depend on the architecture of the quaternary salt used and were larger for long alkyl chains. The quaternary salt excess was not removed during the washing step. The highest thermal stability was obtained with quaternary phosphonium salts. After adding the PBT, it was observed that the addition of organoclay to the polymer matrix did not contribute to a significant improvement of mechanical properties and in some cases even resulted in a decrease of mechanical properties. However, the flame retardancy showed best results in the presence of organoclay. The best results for the flammability properties were observed in the presence of only quaternary phosphonium salts. However, these materials were very fragile. In order to improve the flammability properties of PBT maintaining the mechanical properties, a toughening agent P(E-co-MA-co-GMA), copolymer ethylene methyl acrylate glycidyl methacrylate was used. In doing so both the mechanical and flame retardancy were preserved.
 
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Publishing Date
2010-09-08
 
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