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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.18.2013.tde-27082014-112353
Document
Author
Full name
Raphael Corrêa Medeiros
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Carlos, 2013
Supervisor
Committee
Daniel, Luiz Antonio (President)
Bastos, Rafael Kopschitz Xavier
Franco, Regina Maura Bueno
Hachich, Elayse Maria
Povinelli, Jurandyr
Title in Portuguese
Avaliação da remoção de Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. em processos de tratamento de esgoto sanitário
Keywords in Portuguese
Cryptosporidium spp.
Giardia spp.
Desinfecção sequencial
Filtro lento em areia
Lodos Ativados
Microrganismos indicadores
Reator UASB
Tratamento de esgoto sanitário
Abstract in Portuguese
Este trabalho teve o intuito de avaliar a eficiência de remoção de protozoários patogênicos - Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. - em processos de tratamento de esgoto sanitário por reator UASB, lodos ativados, filtro lento em areia e diferentes desinfetantes. A recuperação de cistos de Giardia e de oocistos de Cryptosporidium, realizada por diferentes metodologias e utilizando ColorSeed®, foi de, respectivamente, 85 e 20% em esgoto bruto, e 62,5 e 17,5% em efluente tratado, quando foi utilizado o método de tripla centrifugação. Cistos de Giardia foram encontrados em 100% as amostras de esgoto pesquisadas, com média de 1,5 x 104 cistos por litro e oocistos de Cryptosporidium em 31,4% com média 3,1 x 10² oocistos por litro, em esgoto bruto. No tratamento biológico por reator UASB seguido de Lodos Ativados, a remoção de cisto de Giardia e esporos de Clostridium perfringens foram estatisticamente menores que as remoções de E. coli e coliformes totais. Não foram encontrados (oo)cistos após o tratamento terciário realizado através da filtração lenta em areia. Houve remoção estatisticamente maior na ETE em escala plena para coliformes totais e Clostridium perfringens. E. coli e cistos de Giardia, em ambas ETEs, apresentaram remoções similares. Elevadas concentrações de (oo)cistos foram encontradas no lodo de esgoto, com grande porcentagem ainda viável. Com relação à desinfecção, entre as bactérias indicadoras, Clostridium perfringens foram mais resistentes ao cloro, ozônio e radiação ultravioleta. O efeito sinérgico, promovido pelas desinfecções sequenciais (clororadiação ultravioleta e ozônio-radiação ultravioleta), foi evidenciado em alguns experimentos para todas as bactérias estudadas. O cloro alterou a fluorescência dos cistos de Giardia e o ozônio, além de alterar a fluorescência, foi capaz de diminuir a concentração de cistos desse microrganismo. Pode-se concluir que as concentrações tanto de microrganismos indicadores como de protozoários patogênicos é bastante elevada, qualquer que seja o tipo de esgoto: bruto, efluente do reator UASB ou efluente do lodos ativados. Isso evidencia o extremo cuidado com que estes efluentes devem ser tratados, para posteriores usos ou lançamento em corpo receptor, em especial devido à presença de (oo)cistos ainda viáveis de Giardia spp. e Cryptosporidium spp. mesmo após o tratamento biológico por lodos ativados, e a necessidade de desinfecção do efluente.
Title in English
Assessment of removal of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. from wastewater treatment processes
Keywords in English
Cryptosporidium spp.
Giardia spp.
Activated sludge
Indicator microorganisms
Sequential disinfection
Slow sand filtration
UASB reactor
Wastewater treatment
Abstract in English
This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of removal of pathogenic protozoa - Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. - during wastewater treatment by UASB reactor, activated sludge, slow sand filter and different disinfectants. The recovery of Giardia cysts and of Cryptosporidium oocysts, performed by different methodologies and using ColorSeed®, was respectively of 85 and 20%, in raw wastewater and 62.5 and 17.5% in treated effluent, applying triple centrifugation method. Giardia cysts were found in 100% of the the sewage samples surveyed, with average of 1.5 x 104 cysts per liter and Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 31.4% with average of 3.1 x 10² oocysts per liter, in raw wastewater. Giardia cyst and Clostridium perfringens spores removals were statistically lower than E. coli and total coliforms removal when applying the biological treatment by UASB reactor followed by Activated Sludge. There were no (oo) cysts after treatment tertiary accomplished by slow sand filtration. There was a statistically higher removal in the full scale WWTP for total coliforms and Clostridium perfringens; however, E. coli and Giardia cysts, in both WWTPs, presented the same removal efficiency. High concentrations of (oo)cysts were found in the sludge sludge, with a high percentage still viable. Regarding disinfection, among the indicating bacteria, Clostridium perfringens was more resistant to chlorine, ozone and ultraviolet radiation. The synergic effect promoted by sequential disinfections (chlorine-ultraviolet radiation and ozone-ultraviolet radiation) was evidenced in some experiments for all the bacteria studied. Chlorine altered the fluorescence of Giardia cysts and ozone, as well as change in fluorescence was able to decrease the concentration of this microorganism. It can be concluded that the concentrations of indicator microorganisms as well as of pathogenic protozoa is very high, regardless the kind of wastewater: raw, UASB reactor effluent or activated sludge effluent. This shows the extreme care that must be taken towards these effluents, for future reuse or simply release in the environment, mainly due to the presence of viable Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. (oo)cysts even after the activated sludge treatment, and the need of disinfection of the effluent.
 
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Publishing Date
2014-09-08
 
WARNING: The material described below relates to works resulting from this thesis or dissertation. The contents of these works are the author's responsibility.
  • MEDEIROS, R. C., and DANIEL, L. A. Pathogenic protozoa and indicator microorganisms removal in the wastewater treatment. In IWA Regional Conference on Wastewater Purification and Reuse, Heraklion, 2012. IWA Regional Conference on Wastewater Purification and Reuse., 2012. Abstract.
  • MEDEIROS, R. C., and DANIEL, L. A. Sequential disinfection (Chlorine-ultraviolet radiation) in the inactivation of Giardia spp. and indicatiors microorganisms. In 8th IWA Leading-Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Technologies, Amsterdam, 2011. 8th IWA Leading-Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Technologies., 2011.
  • MEDEIROS, R. C., e DANIEL, L. A. Ozonização e radiação ultravioleta: desinfecção e melhoria da qualidade de efluente anaeróbio. In VI Encontro sobr aplicações ambientais de processos oxidativos avançados, Rio de Janeiro, 2011. VI EPOA., 2011. Resumo.
  • MEDEIROS, R. C., e DANIEL, L. A. Quatificação e avaliação da viabilidade de cistos de Giardia e de oocistos de Cryptosporidium em lodo de ETE. In 27 Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Goiânia, 2013. 27 Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental.Rio de Janeiro : ABES, 2013.
  • MEDEIROS, R. C., e DANIEL, L. A. Resistência de cistos de Giardia spp. à desinfecção sequencial com cloro-radiação ultravioleta. In 26o Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Porto Alegre, 2011. 26o Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental., 2011.
  • OLIVEIRA, G. L., et al. Wastewater purification by coagulation, floculation and sedimentation to water reuse. In International Conference on Particle Separation, Berlin, 2012. International Conference on Particle Separation., 2012. Abstract.
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