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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.18.2019.tde-18032019-163138
Document
Author
Full name
Paulo Marcos Faria Maciel
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
São Carlos, 2018
Supervisor
Committee
Schulz, Harry Edmar (President)
Guimarães, José Roberto
Lautenschlager, Sandro Rogério
Libânio, Marcelo
Oliveira, Sílvia Maria Alves Corrêa
Title in Portuguese
Filtração lenta domiciliar como alternativa de tratamento de água em comunidades isoladas: eficiências com e sem controle de nível da água e aceleração do amadurecimento
Keywords in Portuguese
E. coli
Biofiltro
Ponto de uso
Schmutzdecke
Turbidez
Abstract in Portuguese
A falta de água potável é um agravo que atinge populações em nível mundial e nacional e as pequenas comunidades isoladas são as que estão mais suscetíveis à essa vulnerabilidade. Essas localidades demandam soluções descentralizadas, como o filtro lento domiciliar (FLD). Nesse contexto, nesta tese propõe-se a construção de FLD com materiais de PVC, de fácil aquisição e montagem simples. Na Fase 1 do trabalho, compararam-se FLDs com regime de fluxo intermitente, com (FI) e sem (FIS) controle do nível da água por boia; e contínuo, com (FC) e sem (FCS) boia, tratando mistura de água subterrânea com caulinita. Analisaram-se turbidez remanescente, redução de Escherichia coli, tempo de amadurecimento e duração das carreiras de filtração para investigar o efeito da boia nos dois regimes. Na Fase 2, estudou-se a aceleração do amadurecimento nos dois regimes, usando como acelerador o pó de cacto Opuntia cochenillifera, tratando água natural. Compararam-se unidades intermitentes com (FIA) e sem (FI) acelerador, e unidades contínuas com (FCA) e sem (FC) acelerador. Nessa fase consideraram-se também a redução de coliformes totais, consumo de oxigênio dissolvido e remoção de cistos de Giardia e oocistos de Cryptosporidium além das variáveis consideradas na Fase 1. Nas duas fases estudaram-se as correlações de variáveis operacionais (taxa de filtração, perda de carga dividida por espessura de meio filtrante, tempo de operação, tempo após a manutenção) com eficiências para redução de bactérias e turbidez remanescente. O custo dos FLDs em PVC foi estimado em cerca de R$ 420,00. Os resultados indicaram que na Fase 1, FI demonstrou maiores carreiras de filtração que FIS, sem diferenças para as outras variáveis. FC apresentou turbidez remanescente média menor que FCS (1,24 ± 0,91 versus 1,90 ± 1,36 NTU). Na Fase 2, FIA apresentou melhor eficiência para redução de E. coli (2,32 ± 0,79 versus 1,936 ± 0,61 log) e menor turbidez remanescente média que FI, entre os contínuos, não houve diferença de eficiências (p.e. 2,51 ± 0,60 e 2,60 ± 0,56 log de E. coli), no entanto, FCA apresentou carreiras de filtração mais curtas que FC (33 ± 13 versus 60 ± 14 dias). A variável perda de carga nos primeiros 2 cm foi a com maior correlação com a redução de bactérias na Fase 1, enquanto que na Fase 2, a redução de bactérias se correlacionou melhor com turbidez remanescente. No estudo sobre de remoção de (oo)cistos de protozoários, 92% de 30 amostras não apresentaram os parasitos, no entanto, em duas amostras detectaram-se a presença de um oocisto de Cryptosporidium. Apesar de elevadas reduções de bactérias por FLDs, não houve amostras filtradas com ausência de coliformes, para tanto, fizeram-se testes com hipoclorito de sódio, que resultaram ausência de bactérias na água tratada. O controle por boia prolongou a carreira de filtração no regime intermitente e melhorou a turbidez filtrada no fluxo contínuo. O uso do acelerador de amadurecimento foi efetivo para eficiências dos FLDs apenas no fluxo intermitente. Dentre os modelos estudados, o FC apresentou melhores resultados em termos de eficiência e duração das carreiras de filtração.
Title in English
Household slow sand filtration as a water treatment alternative in isolated communities: efficiencies with and without water level control and ripening acceleration
Keywords in English
E. coli
Biosand filter
Point of use
Schmutzdecke
Turbidity
Abstract in English
The lack of drinking water is an aggravation affecting populations at the global and national levels and the small and isolated communities are the most susceptible to this vulnerability. These locations require decentralized solutions, such as the household slow sand filter (HSSF). In this context, in the present thesis is proposed the construction of a HSSF with PVC materials, of easy acquisition and simple assemble. In Phase 1 of the study, it was compared HSSFs with intermittent flow regime, with (FI) and without (FIS) water level control by float; and continuous, with (FC) and without (FCS) float, treating groundwater with kaolinite. Remaining turbidity, Escherichia coli reduction, ripening time and filtration run times were investigated to explore the effect of the float in the two regimes. In Phase 2 the acceleration of ripening was studied in both regimes, using as accelerator Opuntia cochenillifera cactus powder, treating natural water. Intermittent units were compared with (FIA) and without (FI) accelerator, and continuous units with (FCA) and without (FC) accelerator. In this phase, the reduction of total coliforms, dissolved oxygen consumption and removal of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts in addition to the variables considered in Phase 1 were also studied. In the two phases it was studied the correlation of operational variables (filtration rate, head loss divided by filter media thickness, time of operation, time after maintenance) with efficiencies for bacterial reduction and remaining turbidity. The cost of FLDs in PVC was estimated at around R$ 420.00. The results indicated that in Phase 1, FI had larger filtration runs than FIS, with no differences for the other variables. FC had turbidity remaining mean lower than FCS (1.24 ± 0.91 versus 1.90 ± 1.36 NTU). In Phase 2, FIA had a better efficiency to reduce E. coli (2.32 ± 0.79 versus 1.936 ± 0.61 log) and lower average remaining turbidity than FI, there were no differences in efficiencies (e.g. 2, 51 ± 0.60 and 2.60 ± 0.56 log of E. coli), however, FCA had shorter filtration runs than FC (33 ± 13 versus 60 ± 14 days). The variable head loss in the first 2 cm was the one with the highest correlation with E. coli reductions in Phase 1, while in Phase 2, the bacterial reduction correlated better with remaining turbidity. In the study on the removal of protozoa (oo)cysts, 92% of 30 samples did not present the parasites, however, in two samples the presence of a Cryptosporidium oocyst was detected. Despite high bacterial reductions by HSSFs, there were no filtered samples with absence of coliforms; therefore, sodium hypochlorite tests were performed, which resulted in no bacteria in the treated water. The float control extended the filtration run in the intermittent regime and improved the turbidity filtered in the continuous stream. The use of the ripening accelerator was effective for FLD efficiencies only in the intermittent flow. Between the studied models of filters, FC was the one with the better results of efficiencies and duration of filters run.
 
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Publishing Date
2019-03-22
 
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