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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.11.2009.tde-13102009-170056
Document
Author
Full name
Marco Antônio Rosa de Carvalho
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 2009
Supervisor
Committee
Miranda, Jarbas Honorio de (President)
Botrel, Tarlei Arriel
Duarte, Sergio Nascimento
Saad, Joao Carlos Cury
Valnir Júnior, Manoel
Title in Portuguese
Efeito da cobertura do solo e de práticas de controle de erosão nas perdas de água e solo por escoamento superficial
Keywords in Portuguese
Cobertura do solo
Erosão
Escoamento superficial
Umidade do solo.
Abstract in Portuguese
Os principais poluentes dos mananciais hídricos nas áreas rurais são a matéria orgânica, os sedimentos, os nutrientes e os pesticidas, transportados principalmente pelo escoamento da água oriunda das terras agricultadas. Devido a esse fato, faz-se necessário o desenvolvimento e aplicação de tecnologias que venham a reduzir descargas de resíduos indesejáveis. Nesse sentido, conduziu-se um experimento na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia Rural - ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba - SP, com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes coberturas do solo, (feijão, capim e solo nu) e diferentes práticas de controle de erosão (sulco de infiltração, terraço de infiltração e rampa (sem práticas de controle de erosão)), buscando-se estimar a capacidade de infiltração de água e perdas de solo por escoamento superficial. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o de blocos aleatorizados, em esquema fatorial 3x3 (práticas de controle de erosão x cobertura do solo), perfazendo 9 tratamentos com 3 repetições, sendo considerado cada bloco uma repetição. O período de coleta de dados pluviométricos foi de 06 de dezembro de 2007 a 11 de abril de 2008, para tal, utilizou-se um pluviômetro, com 21,1 cm de diâmetro, instalado dentro da área experimental. Observando-se as perdas de solo, em relação às estruturas, tem-se em ordem decrescente de eficiência: Terraço, Sulco e Rampa; e em relação às coberturas, tem-se em ordem decrescente de eficiência: Capim, Feijão e Solo Nu. Observando-se as perdas de água, em relação às estruturas, tem-se em ordem decrescente de eficiência: Terraço, Sulco e Rampa; e com relação às coberturas, tem-se em ordem decrescente de eficiência: Feijão, Capim e Solo Nu. Calculou-se um coeficiente de escoamento (C) corrigido para cada tratamento e foram obtidos os seguintes valores para os respectivos tratamentos: 0,18 (Terraço Feijão); 0,18 (Terraço Capim); 0,24 (Sulco Feijão); 0,26 (Sulco Capim); 0,29 (Rampa Capim); 0,31 (Rampa Feijão); 0,42 (Terraço Solo Nu); 0,44 (Sulco Solo Nu) e 0,52 (Rampa Solo Nu). Devido ao replantio do feijão, houve uma maior movimentação de terra nas parcelas com esta cobertura de solo, favorecendo assim a um aumento na desagregação de solo, conseqüentemente, um aumento no arraste de partículas de solo e uma maior infiltração de água.
Title in English
Ground covering and practical erosion control effects in the water and soil losses by run-off
Keywords in English
Erosion
Runoff
Soil Covering
Soil Moisture.
Abstract in English
The main pollutants of water resources from agricultural areas are organic matter, sediments, nutrients and pesticides, carried out mainly by runoff from farming lands. Considering this fact, it is very important the development and application of technologies to reduce such undesirable residues discharges, that were analyzed in this study. The experiment was carried out in the experimental area at ESALQ / USP, Piracicaba - SP, Brazil, with the objective to evaluate the effect of different ground coverings, wide base terraces and infiltration furrows in slopes, searching esteem the water infiltration capacity and soil losses by run-off. The adopted statistical delineation in the experiment was randomized blocks, in 3x3 factorial diagram (torrent containment structures x ground covering), making 9 treatments with 3 repetitions, being considered each block a repetition. The torrent containment structures have been: infiltration furrows, infiltration terrace and slope (without containment structure) and the ground coverings have been: bean, grass and naked ground (without ground covering). The pluviometric data collection began in December, 06, 2007 and finished in April, 11, 2008, for such, was used a rain gauge, with 21.1 cm of diameter, installed inside of the experimental area. Observing the ground losses, with relationship to the structures, we have in sequence of decreasing efficiency: Terrace, Furrow and Slope; and with relationship to the covering: Grass, Bean and Naked Ground. Observing the water losses, with relationship to the structures, we have in sequence of decreasing efficiency: Terrace, Furrow and Slope; and with relationship to the covering: Bean, Grass and Naked Ground. A draining coefficient average (C) was calculated for each treatment that is for the respective treatments: 0.18 (Bean Terrace), 0.18 (Grass Terrace), 0.24 (Bean Furrow), 0.26 (Grass Furrow), 0.29 (Grass Slope), 0.31 (Bean Slope), 0.42 (Naked Ground Terrace), 0.44 (Naked Ground Furrow) and 0.52 (Naked Ground Slope). Had to the replant of the beans, it had a bigger land movement in the parcels with this ground covering, thus favoring to an increase in the ground disaggregation, consequently, an increase in it drags of ground particles and a bigger water infiltration.
 
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Marco_Carvalho.pdf (7.90 Mbytes)
Publishing Date
2009-10-23
 
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