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Doctoral Thesis
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/T.11.2008.tde-12062008-163845
Document
Author
Full name
Henrique Coutinho Junqueira Franco
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 2008
Supervisor
Committee
Trivelin, Paulo Cesar Ocheuze (President)
Cantarella, Heitor
Mazza, Jairo Antonio
Rossetto, Raffaella
Vitti, Godofredo Cesar
Title in Portuguese
Eficiência agronômica da adubação nitrogenada de cana-planta
Keywords in Portuguese
Adubação
Cana-de-açúcar
Fertilizantes nitrogenados
Nitrogênio
Nutrientes minerais do solo
Produtividade
Raiz.
Abstract in Portuguese
No agrossistema da cana-de-açúcar, nas condições brasileiras, a resposta à adubação nitrogenada de cana-planta ainda é uma questão não totalmente esclarecida e a utilização de fertilizantes nitrogenados marcados com 15N pode auxiliar no entendimento dessa lacuna. Nesse sentido, foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos em áreas comerciais das Usinas São Luiz (LATOSSOLO VERMELHO AMARELO eutrófico) e Santa Adélia (LATOSSOLO VERMELHO distrófico típico). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso e os tratamentos foram 3 doses de N (40, 80 e 120 kg ha-1 de N na forma de uréia) mais uma testemunha. No centro das parcelas com doses de N foram instaladas microparcelas que receberam a uréia-15N. Os experimentos foram instalados em 28/02/2005 e 04/04/2005, respectivamente, na Usina São Luiz (USL) e Usina Santa Adélia (USA). Antes da instalação do experimento USA realizou-se uma estimativa do estoque de nutrientes dos resíduos culturais e constatou-se que cerca de 200 kg ha-1 de N na forma orgânica foram incorporados ao solo na reforma do canavial. Durante o crescimento da cana-planta foram realizadas amostragens de fitomassa da parte aérea. Nessas amostragens determinou-se o acúmulo de matéria seca. No estádio de máximo crescimento foram colhidas amostras de folhas +1 para avaliação do estado nutricional. As colheitas dos experimentos foram efetuadas em 15/06/2006 na USL e 18/07/2006 na USA. O acúmulo de matéria seca pela parte aérea da cana-planta apresentou forma sigmóide de crescimento, característica de crescimento vegetal, independente da dose de N. A fase de máximo crescimento da cana-planta ocorreu de setembro a abril, quando as condições climáticas foram mais favoráveis ao desenvolvimento da cultura. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou os teores dos nutrientes N, K, Mg e S nas folhas-diagnóstico. A recuperação (%) de uréia-15N obtida na colheita da cana-planta foi, na média dos experimentos, de 30, 30 e 21%, respectivamente, para as doses de 40, 80 e 120 kg ha-1 de N. A menor recuperação do N-uréia nas maiores doses, especialmente na de 120 kg ha-1, foi devido às perdas de N do sistema solo-planta. O aproveitamento do N da uréia representou em média 11,7% do nitrogênio total acumulado na planta toda. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou a extração de nutrientes pela planta toda nos dois experimentos e proporcionou maiores acúmulos de nutrientes na parte subterrânea da cultura. Na média dos experimentos e considerando a exigência nutricional da planta toda, para a produção de 1TCH (tonelada de colmos por hectare) foram extraídos: 1,38 kg de N, 0,15 kg de P, 3,24 kg de K, 0,60 kg de Ca, 0,26 kg de Mg, 0,28 kg de S, 53 g de Fe, 15 g de Mn, 2,2 g de Zn, 1,3 g de B e 0,6 g de Cu. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou a TCH no experimento da USL, enquanto que na USA não houve resposta. A adubação nitrogenada interferiu nos atributos tecnológicos dos colmos na USA, porém sem efeito na USL. A adubação nitrogenada aumentou significativamente a produção de açúcar por hectare nos dois experimentos. A maior margem de contribuição agrícola nos dois experimentos foi obtida com a dose de 40 kg ha-1 de N.
Title in English
Agronomic efficiency of nitrogen fertilization in plant cane
Keywords in English
Nitrogen
Nutrients
Productivity
Roots
Saccharum spp.
Abstract in English
In the sugarcane agrosystem under Brazilian conditions, the nitrogen fertilization response in plant cane is still an issue that has not been completely clarified. The use of 15N-labeled nitrogen fertilizers can help understand this unresolved question. In this respect, two experiments were conducted in commercial areas at Sugar Mills São Luiz (Typic Eutrustox) and Santa Adélia (Arenic Kandiustults). The experimental design was organized as random blocks and treatments consisted of 3 N rates (40, 80, and 120 kg ha-1 N in the form of urea) and a control. Microplots that received urea-15N were installed in the center of plots that involved N rates. The experiments were installed on 02/28/2005 and on 04/04/2005, respectively, at Usina São Luiz (USL) and Usina Santa Adélia (USA). Before installing the USA experiment, an estimate was obtained for the stock of nutrients from crop residues. It was observed that 200 kg ha-1 N in organic form were incorporated into the soil when the sugarcane field was renovated. During plant cane growth, phytomass samplings were performed in the above-ground part of the plants. Dry matter accumulation was determined in those samplings. Samples from +1 leaves were harvested at the maximum plant growth stage to evaluate their nutritional status. The experiments were harvested on 06/15/2006 at USL and on 07/18/2006 at USA. Dry matter accumulation in the above-ground part of plant cane had a typical plant-growth sigmoidal shape, regardless of N rate. The maximum plant cane growth stage occurred from September to April, when the weather conditions were more favorable for crop development. Nitrogen fertilization increased the N, K, Mg, and S contents in the diagnostic leaves. Urea-15N recovery values (%) obtained at plant cane harvest were, on the average of all experiments, 30, 30, and 21% for the rates of 40, 80, and 120 kg ha-1 N, respectively. The lower urea-N15 recovery observed at the higher rates, especially at 120 kg ha-1, was due to N losses in the soil-plant system. The utilization of urea-15N represented, on average, 11.7% of total nitrogen accumulated in the whole plant. Nitrogen fertilization increased the nutrient uptake by the whole plant in both experiments and provided greater accumulation of nutrients in the underground part of the crop. In the average of the experiments, and considering the nutritional requirements of the whole plant to produce 1TSS (1 ton of stalks per hectare), uptake amounted to: 1.38 kg N, 0.15 kg P, 3.24 kg K, 0.60 kg Ca, 0.26 kg Mg, 0.28 kg S, 53 g Fe, 15 g Mn, 2.2 g Zn, 1.3 g B, and 0.6 g Cu. Nitrogen fertilization increased the TSS value in the USL experiment, while no response was obtained in the USA experiment. Nitrogen fertilization interfered with stalk technological attributes at USA, but no effect was detected at USL. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased sugar production per hectare in both experiments. The highest margin of agricultural contribution in both experiments was obtained at the rate of 40 kg ha-1 N.
 
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Publishing Date
2008-06-20
 
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