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Master's Dissertation
DOI
https://doi.org/10.11606/D.11.2013.tde-29052013-102044
Document
Author
Full name
Mariana Pompêo de Camargo Gallo
E-mail
Institute/School/College
Knowledge Area
Date of Defense
Published
Piracicaba, 2013
Supervisor
Committee
Bittar, Carla Maris Machado (President)
Negrao, João Alberto
Susin, Ivanete
Title in Portuguese
Desempenho e alterações metabólicas e comportamentais de bezerros leiteiros em função do estresse ao desaleitamento
Keywords in Portuguese
Aleitamento animal
Bezerros leiteiros
Consumo
Cortisol
Desmama animal
Estresse
Gradual
Metabolismo animal
Abstract in Portuguese
O estudo avaliou o efeito do nível de consumo e do método de desaleitamento sobre o desempenho, metabolismo e fisiologia de bezerros leiteiros. Em delineamento fatorial 2x2, utilizando-se 36 bezerros leiteiros, os animais foram classificados em grupos com alto (>350 g/d) ou baixo (<350 g/d) consumo de concentrado na quinta semana de e alocados a dois métodos de desaleitamento: abrupto ou gradual. Os animais foram alojados em abrigos individuais, receberam 4L/d de dieta líquida, água e concentrado inicial à vontade (até 2 kg/dia). O desaleitamento abrupto foi realizado na oitava semana de vida. Animais desaleitados de forma gradual, receberam 4L/dia até a sexta semana, 3 L/dia da sexta até a sétima semana, 2L/dia da sétima semana até dois dias antes de completarem 8 semanas e 1L/dia até a 8a semana, quando foram desaleitados. O consumo de concentrado foi avaliado diariamente. Semanalmente foram realizadas pesagens, medidas corporais e coletadas amostras de sangue para análise de glicose, ?-hidroxibutirato (BHBA) e proteína total sérica (PT), até a 10a semana de vida, quando se encerrou o período experimental. Foram realizadas observações de comportamento dos animais nos dias -14, -7, -2, 0, 2, 7 relativos ao desaleitamento. Nestes dias foram colhida amostras de sangue para determinação de cortisol e glicoproteínas solúveis em ácido (GSA). Não houve interação entre os dois fatores estudados para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas. O consumo de concentrado não diferiu (P<0,05) entre os métodos de desaleitamento, havendo efeito da idade (P<0,001) de acordo com o nível de consumo . Animais com alto consumo de concentrado consumiram mais feno na nona semana de vida (P<0,05). O método de desaleitamento não afetou as variáveis: ganho de peso, peso vivo e medidas corporais (P<0,05), porém, houve diferença significativa para estas variáveis em função dos níveis de consumo (P<0,05). Não houve interação entre os fatores estudados para parâmetros sanguíneos; os valores de BHBA para os animais de alto consumo de concentrado foram maiores durante praticamente todo período; os valores de PT e de cortisol não diferiram entre os tratamentos ou com a idade dos animais (P<0,05). Não houve efeito do método de desaleitamento sobre as medidas fisiológicas dos animais. Os níveis de consumo tiverem efeito (P>0,05) sobre as frequências cardíacas as 6:00, 12:00, 18:00; e temperatura retal as 18:00. Animais desaleitados gradualmente passaram mais tempo consumindo concentrado (P>0,05) e o tempo ruminando e o tempo consumindo concentrado aumentaram conforme a idade do animal (P>0,05). O número de vocalizações foi maior (P>0,05) no dia do desaleitamento e no segundo dia subseqüente, normalizando após uma semana. O método de desaleitamento afetou o número de vocalizações no segundo dia pós desaleitamento (P>0,05), de forma que bezerros desaleitados de forma gradual vocalizaram menos que os demais. O método de desaleitamento não teve influência no desempenho, metabolismo ou bem estar dos animais. No entanto, o nível de consumo teve influência no desempenho e parâmetros sanguíneos dos bezerros. O consumo de concentrado é mais importante que o método de desaleitamento no que diz respeito ao desempenho, metabolismo e nível de estresse.
Title in English
Performance and metabolic and behavior changes of dairy calves in response to the weaning stress
Keywords in English
Animal Metabolism
Animal Milk-feeding
Animal weaning
Cortisol
Gradual
Intake
Stress
Abstract in English
The study evaluated the effect of the level of concentrate intake at the 5th week of age and the weaning method on the performance, metabolism and physiology of dairy calves. In a 2x2 factorial design, using 36 dairy calves, animals were classified as presenting high (>350g/d) or low (<350 g/d) concentrate intake at the 5th week of life, and distributed in two weaning methods: abrupt or gradual. Animals were individually housed in hutches, had free access to water and concentrate (up to 2kg/d) and were fed 4L of milk-replacer. The abrupt weaning was done at the 8th week of age. Animals weaned gradually received milk-replacer at the rate of 4l/d until the 6th week of age, 3L/d from the 6th until the 7th week, 2L/d from the 7th until 2 days before weaning, and 1L/d until weaning at the 8th week of age. Concentrate intake was monitored daily. Animals were weighted and corporal measures, as well as, blood samples were taken weekly for glucose, ?-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and serum total protein (TP), until the 10th week of age when the experimental period ended. Animal behavior was monitored on days -14, -7, -2, 0, 2, 7 relative to weaning. On those days blood samples were drawn for cortisol and acid soluble glycoprotein (ASG) levels determination. There was no significant interaction of the studied factors for all the analyzed variables. Average concentrate intake was not affected by the weaning method (P>0.05), however there was an significant age effect (P<0.001) according to the level of intake at the 5th week of age. Animals at the high intake level group presented higher hay intake at the 9th week of age (P<0.05). Weaning method had no effect on: live weight, daily gain or corporal measures (P>0.05); however, there was a significant difference for those variables according to the level of intake (P<0.05). There was no significant interaction of the intake level at the 5th week and the weaning method for blood parameters. BHBA concentrations were higher for animals at the higher concentrate intake level for almost the whole period. Cortisol and TP were not affected by the studied factors or by the animals age (P>0.05). Weaning methods had no effect on physiological measures. Concentrate intake level affected (P<0.05) heart rate at 6:00, 12:00, 18:00; and rectal temperature at 18:00. Animals gradually weaned spent more time consuming concentrate (P<0.05); and time ruminating and consuming concentrate were increased as animals aged (P<0.05). The number of vocalizations were higher (P<0.05) at the weaning day and the second day after that, getting back to normal a week after. The weaning method affected the number of vocalizations at the second day after weaning (P<0.05), with animals weaned gradually presenting lower numbers. The weaning method had no effect on performance, metabolism or well-being of dairy calves. However, the intake level had impact on performance and blood parameters. In spite of performance, metabolism and stress level of the animals the concentrate intake level is more important than the method of weaning.
 
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Publishing Date
2013-06-07
 
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